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21.
采集太原市城北和城南区域环境空气和5类污染源挥发性有机物样品,测定样品中典型单环芳烃稳定氢同位素（δD）组成,基于同位素质量平衡原理计算单环芳烃从源到环境空气受体的δD初始混合值,探讨单环芳烃来源.结果表明,柴油挥发源、溶剂挥发源、汽油挥发源（97#）、汽油挥发源（95#）、机动车尾气（97#）、机动车尾气（95#）和民用燃煤源中单环芳烃δD范围依次为:（-138.7‰～-115.5‰）、（-147.0‰～-121.0‰）、（-150.8‰～-117.6‰）、（-131.8‰～-113.8‰）、（-171.2‰～-120.0‰）、（-138.9‰～-102.7‰）和（-168.3‰～-142.3‰）,民用燃煤源中单环芳烃δD显著贫重氢同位素（D）组成,机动车尾气源与汽油挥发源中苯的δD相比显著贫D,可用于探索污染物转化过程;城北和城南环境空气中δD范围为（-131.7‰～-115.1‰）和（-131.9‰～-74.9‰）,δD初始混合值为-138.4‰和-173.9‰,体现了其来源差异. 相似文献
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Anna Stachniuk Agnieszka Szmagara Renata Czeczko Emilia Fornal 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2017,52(7):446-457
The aim of the research is to evaluate pesticide residue contamination of fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, agricultural raw material, purchased from Polish farmers for production of frozen fruits and vegetables, and the estimation of the multiresidue method effectiveness expressed as the proportion of pesticides detected in food samples to the total number of pesticides analyzed by multiresidue methods. A total of 144 samples (of black currants, red currants, raspberries, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, cauliflowers and broccoli) were analyzed using LC-MS/MS method for the determination of 60 pesticides. QuEChERS extraction, matrix-matched calibration and dynamic multiple reaction monitoring method were used. Residues of 15 compounds, mainly fungicides and insecticides, were detected in 46 samples. The percentage of samples with residues above the maximum residue levels (MRL) was 15%, whereas samples with residues below MRL were 17%. A total of 13 samples contained more than one pesticide residue. Pesticide residues were detected most often in samples of black currants (50%), broccoli (36.4%), raspberries (29%) and red currants (21.8%). The most frequently detected pesticides were carbendazim and acetamiprid. The proportion of pesticides detected during our study to the total number of analyzed pesticides amounted to 25%. It was compared to literature findings. For three fourth of multiresidue methods, the proportion was below 50% for methods developed for the analysis of less than 100 pesticides, and below 30% for methods developed for the analysis of more than 100 pesticides. It appears that a lot of efforts and means is lost on pesticides never or rarely detected in examined samples. The workload and cost effectiveness of the development and application of multiresidue methods along with the range of pesticides covered by the method should be carefully and thoroughly considered anytime when a new method or workflow is developed. Including non-targeted screenings in pesticide residue control seems to be an alternative worth considering. 相似文献
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喷管喷吹均匀是为了使同一排滤袋清灰力度均匀。针对袋式除尘器喷管喷吹气流均匀性的问题,国内外学者对各喷嘴出口气流质量流量的均匀性十分关注。采用流体力学fluent软件对喷管内流场进行模拟,提出了同一排滤袋清灰强弱分布受到各喷嘴出口气流的动量通量分布的影响,而不是质量流量的看法。对引射空间流场进行模拟,验证了这一看法。结果表明,为了达到喷管喷吹均匀,应使各喷嘴出口气流动量通量分布均匀。采用动量通量修正和重复迭代的方法对喷管喷吹口径进行优化设计,获得了较好的动量通量均匀性。 相似文献
26.
Matthaios P. Kavvalakis Manolis N. Tzatzarakis Eleftheria P. Theodoropoulou Emmanouil G. Barbounis Andreas K. Tsakalof Aristidis M. Tsatsakis 《Chemosphere》2013
Imidacloprid (IMI) is a relatively new neuro-active neonicotinoid insecticide and nowadays one of the largest selling insecticides worldwide. In the present study a LC–APCI–MS based method was developed and validated for the quantification of imidacloprid and its main metabolite 6-chloronicotinic acid (6-CINA) in urine and hair specimens. The method was tested in biomonitoring of intentionally exposed animals and subsequently applied for biomonitoring of Cretan urban and rural population. 相似文献
27.
2011年8月-2012年7月间于东莞市生活区（NC）点和工业区（ZT）点采集大气PM10/PM2.5/PM1样品,并检测分析了颗粒物上的多环芳烃（PAHs）和正构烷烃。粒径分布结果显示,PAHs和正构烷烃均主要富集在PM1上,而正构烷烃富集程度更高。PAHs环数分析结果显示,PM1中主导PAHs为6环,PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10中则为4环。利用特定比值法分析PAHs来源,结果表明,生活区NC点大气颗粒物中PAHs主要来自汽油车尾气、天然气燃烧、燃煤源和烹饪源,而工业区ZT点则主要来自柴油车尾气、燃煤和木材燃烧。通过主峰碳数、碳优势指数、植物蜡贡献率等方法分析正构烷烃来源,结果表明,化石燃料燃烧是东莞市大气颗粒物中正构烷烃的主要贡献源,其次是高等植物蜡排放,贡献率约为10.9%~28.9%。化石燃料燃烧源贡献率对PM1的贡献率明显较PM1~2.5和PM2.5~10高。 相似文献
28.
采用颗粒动态分析仪(PDA)对倒伞形表面曝气机曝气的Carrousel小试氧化沟进行测试,得出了氧化沟内较系统的流动特性参数.比较了固液两相在氧化沟内流动的差别,发现固液两相流动速度差别较小,由于惯性的影响,固相的沉降速度略大于液相.考察了表曝机的转速、表曝机相对于液面的位置、氧化沟的深度等因素对氧化沟内流动的影响,随着表曝机转速的增大和表曝机浸入液面深度的增加,流动速度和沉降速度均会增大,而氧化沟深度增加时,距离液面同一深度处的速度则会减小.实验结果与污水处理厂的实际情形进行比较发现,二者变化趋势一致,说明本实验结果可用于指导工程实际,为氧化沟的优化设计提供依据. 相似文献
29.
E. Vartiainen M. Kulmala T.M. Ruuskanen R. Taipale J. Rinne H. Vehkamki 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2006,40(40):7882-7892
Oxidation of d-limonene, which is a common monoterpene, can lead to new aerosol particle formation in indoor environments. Thus, products containing d-limonene, such as citrus fruits, air refresheners, household cleaning agents, and waxes, can act as indoor air aerosol particle sources. We released d-limonene into the room air by peeling oranges and measured the concentration of aerosol particles of three different size ranges. In addition, we measured the concentration of d-limonene, the oxidant, and the concentration of ozone, the oxidizing gas. Based on the measurements we calculated the growth rate of the small aerosol particles, which were 3–10 nm in diameter, to be about , and the losses of the aerosol particles that were due to the coagulation and condensation processes. From these, we further approximated the concentration of the condensable vapour and its source rate and then calculated the formation rate of the small aerosol particles. For the final result, we calculated the nucleation rate and the maximum number of molecules in a critical cluster. The nucleation rate was in the order of and the number of molecules in a critical-sized cluster became 1.2. The results were in agreement with the activation theory. 相似文献
30.
PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 2.5 μm) chemical source profiles applicable to speciated emissions inventories and receptor model source apportionment are reported for geological material, motor vehicle exhaust, residential coal (RCC) and wood combustion (RWC), forest fires, geothermal hot springs; and coal-fired power generation units from northwestern Colorado during 1995. Fuels and combustion conditions are similar to those of other communities of the inland western US. Coal-fired power station profiles differed substantially between different units using similar coals, with the major difference being lack of selenium in emissions from the only unit that was equipped with a dry limestone sulfur dioxide (SO2) scrubber. SO2 abundances relative to fine particle mass emissions in power plant emissions were seven to nine times higher than hydrogen sulfide (H2S) abundances from geothermal springs, and one to two orders of magnitude higher than SO2 abundances in RCC emissions, implying that the SO2 abundance is an important marker for primary particle contributions of non-aged coal-fired power station contributions. The sum of organic and elemental carbon ranged from 1% to 10% of fine particle mass in coal-fired power plant emissions, from 5% to 10% in geological material, >50% in forest fire emissions, >60% in RWC emissions, and >95% in RCC and vehicle exhaust emissions. Water-soluble potassium (K+) was most abundant in vegetative burning profiles. K+/K ratios ranged from 0.1 in geological material profiles to 0.9 in vegetative burning emissions, confirming previous observations that soluble potassium is a good marker for vegetative burning. 相似文献