人工防护林碳储量估算——以新疆墨玉为例

通过2009年8月对新疆墨玉县人工减排林样地进行实地调查取样,获得该地区人工减排林生态系统植被生长状况各种数据,利用这些数据采用生物量与蓄积量关系为基础的植物碳储量估算方法及土壤剖面有机质百分含量推算土壤碳储量的方法分别对干旱区人工林植被、土壤碳储量进行估算。结果表明,干旱区墨玉县玉北固阻结合流沙固定技术试验示范区人工减排林现有碳储量4522.01Mg,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区现有碳储量1840.12Mg,土壤平均碳储量相差不大,分别为25.91t/100m2和27.39t/100m2。波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区内大多是幼龄林,碳储量并未达到最大,随着树木的生长,这些林木还能够固定一定量的大气碳,波斯坦库勒天然稀疏植被封育区的生态系统碳储量能力还有很大的提升空间。新疆减排林区碳储量将进一步增加。     

昆明市区域碳汇估算

为了对昆明区域碳汇有个初步了解,对昆明市森林植被、城市园林植被、滇池湖泊湿地碳汇进行估算,结果分别为1274．16×10^4t、43000t及11273t。估算结果显示,昆明市碳汇对昆明市二氧化碳减排具有重要意义。针对存在问题提出了措施及建议。     

Nitrogen sink in a small forested watershed of subtropical China

Global nitrogen (N) emission and deposition have been increased rapidly due to massive mobilization of N which may have longreaching impacts on ecosystems. Many agricultural and forest ecosystems have been identified as secondary N sources. In the present study, the input-output budget of inorganic N in a small forested watershed of subtropical China was investigated. Inorganic N wet deposition and discharge by stream water were monitored from March, 2007 to February, 2009. The concentrations and fluxes of inorganic N in wet precipitation and stream water and net retention of N were calculated. Global N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and N output by denitrification for forested watersheds elsewhere were reported as references to evaluate whether the studied forested watershed is a source or a sink for N. The results show that the inorganic N output by the stream water is mainly caused by NO3??-N even though the input is dominated by NH4 +-N. The mean flux of inorganic N input by wet precipitation and output by stream water is 1.672 and 0.537 g N/(m2 yr), respectively, which indicates that most of inorganic N input is retained in the forested watershed. Net retention of inorganic N reaches 1.135 g N/(m2 yr) considering wet precipitation as the main input and stream water as the main output. If N input by dry deposition and biological fixation and output by denitrification are taken into account, this subtropical forested watershed currently acts as a considerable sink for N, with a net sink ranging from 1.309 to 1.913 g N/(m2 yr) which may enhance carbon sequestration of the terrestrial ecosystem.     

翅片宽度及厚度对管板式热沉传热性能的影响

目的研究翅片宽度及厚度对管板式热沉性能的影响。方法利用Ansys中的Fluent模块,对管板式热沉不同宽度和厚度翅片的传热性能进行模拟仿真,分析翅片宽度和厚度对管板式热沉温度均匀性的影响。结果翅片越窄,热沉温度均匀性越好,且翅片平均温度越接近载冷剂温度。增加翅片厚度,可以强化传热,但热沉质量和制造成本也会上升,且增大到一定值时,传热效果增强不显著。结论热沉翅片的宽度和厚度对热沉的温度均匀性有很大的影响,翅片越厚,宽度越窄,热沉的温度均匀性越好,但不能一味采取增加厚度和减小宽度的方式来提高热沉温度均匀性,在设计热沉时,需结合其他因素综合选取翅片的宽度和厚度。     

Interpolating SRTM Elevation Data to Higher Resolution to Improve Hydrologic Analysis

The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM) has been a valuable resource for hydrological analysis, providing elevation data at a consistent resolution on a near‐global scale. However, its resolution (three arc‐second or 90 m) is sometimes too low to obtain the desired level of accuracy and precision for hydrologic analysis. We evaluated the performance of several methods for interpolating SRTM three arc‐second data to a 30‐m resolution grid to better represent topography and derive terrain characteristics of the landscape. STRM data were interpolated to 30‐m DEMs on a common grid using spline, inverse distance weighting (IDW), kriging (KR), natural neighbor methods, and cubic convolution (CC) resampling. Accuracy of the methods was assessed by comparing interpolated and resampled 30‐m grids with the reference data. Slope, aspect, sinks, and stream networks were derived for the 30‐m grids and compared on a cell‐by‐cell basis to evaluate their performance in reproducing the derivatives. The comparisons identify spline and KR as the most accurate interpolation methods, of which spline is preferred because of its relative simplicity. IDW provided the greatest bias in all methods with artifacts evident in slope and aspect maps. The performance of CC projection directly to a 30‐m resolution was comparable to spline interpolation, thus is recommended as the most convenient method for interpolating SRTM to a higher resolution.     

不同岩性试片溶蚀速率差异及意义

评价岩性对溶蚀速率的影响有助于提高岩溶碳汇强度估算精度,对当前全球气候变化研究意义重大。本文通过在山西晋中盆地西南,吕梁山东侧的半干旱岩溶区典型小流域开展标准试片与当地试片的对比溶蚀试验研究,结果显示当地试片的溶蚀速率(0.122 3~0.532 8mg/(cm2·a)和岩溶碳汇强度(1.713tCO2/(km2·a))明显小于标准试片(0.254 7~0.551 1mg/(cm2·a)和1.821tCO2/(km2·a)),表明使用标准溶蚀试片法会使岩溶碳汇强度被高估。当地试片的溶蚀速率与酸不溶物含量呈负相关关系,进一步表明当地试片酸不溶物含量(2.58%~10.86%)大于标准试片(3%)是造成其溶蚀速率和岩溶碳汇强度小于标准试片的重要原因。也就是说,由于埋放地地层岩性与标准溶蚀试片岩性特征存在差异,不同地区均采用埋放标准试片的溶蚀实验方法来研究岩溶碳汇效应会产生较大的误差。因此,为了更加精确的计算岩溶碳汇量,后期研究中有必要使用埋放地的岩性试片来替代标准溶蚀试片。