利用农田系统中源汇型景观组合控制面源磷污染

通过田间调查、采样分析和小区试验,研究浙江省农田系统中源汇型景观组合及其控制面源磷污染的效果.调查表明,浙江省农田系统中源、汇配置的景观类型主要有:蔬菜地 - 稻田系统、蔬菜地 - 茭白田系统、桑园地 -稻田系统、旱地 - 稻田系统、高施肥稻田 - 低施肥稻田系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 多塘系统、农地(稻田、旱地) - 植草水道(泥质排水沟)等.不同利用方式农田排水中磷含量有较大的差异,总磷平均含量为桑园>蔬菜地>稻田、小麦田、油菜田>休闲地>茭白田.小区试验表明,利用蔬菜地(旱地) - 稻田 - 茭白系统、蔬菜 - 稻田系统、桑园 - 稻田系统和蔬菜地 - (多)水塘系统可明显降低磷流失.建议对某些养分流失严重的农业流域,通过调整土地利用方式和增加养分汇型景观面积来控制农业面源污染.     

黄土高原成龄苹果园生态系统CO2通量特征

黄土高原地区是中国和世界苹果(Malus demestica)集中连片栽培面积最大的区域,在生态环境改善中发挥了重要作用,然而关于黄土高原地区苹果园生态系统尺度上的碳通量研究很少.在本研究中,利用涡度相关技术对我国陕西黄土高原地区成龄苹果园生态系统的CO_2通量和气象因素进行了观测.基于2016年1月到2016年12月的观测数据,定量分析了此苹果园净生态系统碳交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_(eco))和生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)不同时间尺度及主要气象因素的变化,探究了光合有效辐射(PAR)和不同层次土壤温度(T_s)、空气温度(T_a)对NEE的影响.结果表明,苹果园生态系统NEE月总量在非果树生长季12、1、2和3月为正值(表现为碳源),生长季(4~11月)均为负值(表现为碳汇),整体表现为强烈的碳汇.生长季NEE月平均日变化在8月出现最大吸收峰[-17.08μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)],11月吸收峰最小[-4.47μmol·(m~2·s)~(-1)];在非生长季NEE的月平均日变化非常微弱,昼夜变化不明显.GPP、Reco和NEE日总量的最大值分别为11.12、5.04和-7.34 g·( m~2·d)~(-1).GPP、Reco和NEE月总量的最大值分别为238.97、105.38和-144.44 g·(m~2·月)~(-1),月GPP和NEE总量在5~8月保持相对稳定的高值.全年GPP、Reco和NEE分别为1 223.2、525.2和-698.0 g·(m2·a)-1,表明我国黄土高原地区的成龄苹果园生态系统具有相对较高的固碳能力.夜间生态系统呼吸Reco.n与不同层次土壤温度、空气温度之间呈正相关关系,相关系数表现为T_(s-5 cm)T_(s-10 cm)T_(a-4 m)T_(a-8 m);光合有效辐射PAR可以解释白天NEE变化的80%以上.     

氧化亚氮在森林和草原中的地-气交换

采用箱式法,建立了一套完整的测定森林草原土壤Ｎ２Ｏ排放方法,并对我国北方的自然环境中Ｎ２Ｏ排放作了观测,得出其最大排放通量为２３μｇ／（ｍ＾２·ｈ）。并发现森林草原土壤当温度低于１５℃时对Ｎ２Ｏ有吸收行为,其最大吸收通量为１８．９８４μｇ（ｍ＾２·ｈ）。     

不锈钢板式热沉传热特性的实验与模拟研究

目的 研究流量、胀高及焊点排布方式对不锈钢板式热沉传热特性的影响。方法 搭建实验平台,加工出结构参数不同的板式热沉实验件,同时采用静力隐式算法建立相应的几何模型,通过实验与数值模拟相结合的方法,研究流量、胀高和焊点排布方式的变化对板式热沉热阻的影响规律,并分析热沉流道内部流场状态。结果 首先计算了6个工况下的热阻,发现实际换热量为540 W时,数值模拟与实验结果的最大相对误差不大于25%。然后分析了误差来源,最后得到了热沉全流道速度场与温度场的分布情况。结论 实验与模拟结果有较好的符合程度,证明了数值模拟方法的可靠性。在换热量相同时,板式热沉的热阻随流量与胀高的增大而减小,焊点为菱形排布的热沉传热性能相对更好。板式热沉内部的流场具有周期性,焊点使流体扰动增强,并形成射流和旋涡,起到了强化传热的效果。     

中国农业净碳汇时空演化特征分析

论文以全国范围县级单元为研究对象,对1991—2011年长达21 a的农业净碳汇时空格局变化规律展开了深入分析。研究表明：1）从时间变化角度可以发现,整体上我国农业在长达21 a内均以净碳汇为主,并且总体上处于波动上升趋势,农业净碳汇净增93.7%;2）我国农业碳汇结构相对比较稳定,稻谷、小麦和玉米三者共同占到了80%左右,而碳源结构则在1991—2011年间发生了较大变化,由1991年农药为主,化肥、牛为辅转变成为化肥为主,农药、地膜、牛为辅的结构;3）空间分布方面,我国县域农业净碳汇量地区间差距在不断缩小,存在4种农业碳生态类型区;4）1991—2011年间净碳汇为负值的县级单元数量增多,并且在空间上主要分布于西南地区与内蒙古。农业种植量相对较小,作物生长碳吸收不明显,单位产量农业投入要素多以及农业类型以畜牧业为主是这些地区农业净碳汇为负值的主要原因。     

亚热带典型花岗岩小流域径流化学特征与化学风化

为了解小流域尺度下生物地球化学过程对径流水体的影响及花岗岩化学风化对CO2的吸收,对亚热带典型花岗岩区不同利用条件下的2个相邻小流域(F-森林、FA-森林/农田)的地表径流及其常量离子和溶解Si含量进行了连续3年的定期观测和分析.结果表明,溶解Si,Na+和HCO3-构成地表径流的主要化学成分,FA流域离子总量高于F流域,反映了流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献.皖南典型花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流中Sidiss/Na+和NO3-/SO24-比值均远高于同一生物气候带内富含碳酸盐岩的太湖流域径流中的相应值,揭示了区域岩性差异和人类活动导致的大气酸沉降组成差异是决定径流化学组成的主要因素.皖南花岗岩小流域(F、FA)径流化学组分约43%和38%来源于大气降水,57%和50%来源于岩石风化,FA流域内农业活动对其化学径流的贡献约为12%.皖南小流域(F、FA)花岗岩化学风化过程对CO2的消耗通量分别为(0.67—0.96)×105 mol.km-.2a-1和(0.64—1.05)×105 mol.km-.2a-1,远低于同一生物气候带内石灰岩母质流域.     

植物碳酸酐酶对岩溶作用的影响及其生态效应

广泛存在各种类型生物细胞中的碳酸酐酶（cA）,通过催化C02和HCO3^-之间的相互转化,驱动岩溶过程。文章通过分析我国西南典型岩溶区植物叶片和根系CA活性,探讨其与岩溶作用的相互关系,结果表明：岩溶生态系统中植物的碳酸酐酶活性差异较大,并在植物的生长期发生变动,植株根系CA活性〉成熟叶片CA活性,因而在土壤水分充足的条件下．根系分泌的CA催化CO2＋H2O←→HCO3^-＋H^＋过程,促进石灰岩溶解,加快成土速率,并通过固定根呼吸和土壤微生物分解所释放的CO2产生岩溶碳汇效应;非岩溶生态系统由于土壤碳酸钙含量低,造成植物根系CA表达活性较低。     

Connectivity or demography: Defining sources and sinks in coral reef fish metapopulations

The identity of an individual patch as a source or a sink within a metapopulation is a function of its ability to produce individuals and to disperse them to other patches. In marine systems patch identity is very often defined by dispersal ability alone—upstream patches are sources—while issues of variable habitat quality (which affects local production) are ignored. This can have important ramifications for the science of marine reserve siting. This study develops a spatially explicit source–sink metapopulation model for reef fish and uses it to evaluate the relative importance of connectivity versus demography and how this depends upon the level of local larval retention and the strength of density-dependent recruitment. Elasticity analyses indicated that patch contribution (source or sink) was more sensitive to demographic parameters (particularly survival) than connectivity and this effect was conserved even under strong levels of density-dependence and was generally strengthened as local retention increased. Variability in the relationship between parameter elasticity and local retention was shown to be dependent upon the magnitude of connectivity for an individual patch relative to a critical connectivity value. The proportion of larvae lost due to transport processes was an important parameter which directly affected the magnitude of this critical connectivity value. Patches with connectivity values less than the critical value contributed to the metapopulation largely via production (i.e., local demographics most important). As local retention increased, so did the importance of demographic parameters in these patches. Patches with connectivity values greater than the critical value contributed largely via dispersal of larvae and thus the importance of local demographics decreased as local retention increased.     

Urban expansion and its contribution to the regional carbon emissions: Using the model based on the population density distribution

The method is used for calculating regional urban area dynamics and the resulting carbon emissions (from the land-conversion) for the period of 1980 till 2050 for the eight world regions. This approach is based on the fact that the spatial distribution of population density is close to the two-parametric Γ-distribution [Kendall, M.G., Stuart, A., 1958. The Advanced Theory of Statistics, vol. 1.2. Academic Press, New York; Vaughn, R., 1987. Urban Spatial Traffic Patterns, Pion, London]. The developed model provides us with the scenario of urbanisation, based on which the regional and world dynamics of carbon emissions and export from cities, and the annual total urban carbon balance are estimated. According to our estimations, world annual emissions of carbon as a result of urbanisation increase up to 1.25 GtC in 2005 and begin to decrease afterwards. If we compare the emission maximum with the annual emission caused by deforestation, 1.36 GtC per year, then we can say that the role of urbanised territories (UT) in the global carbon balance is of a comparable magnitude. Regarding the world annual export of carbon from UT, we observe its monotonous growth by three times, reaching 505 MtC. The latter, is comparable to the amount of carbon transported by rivers into the ocean (196–537 MtC). The current model shows that urbanisation is inhibited in the interval 2020–2030, and by 2050 the growth of urbanised areas would almost stop. Hence, the total balance, being almost constant until 2000, then starts to decrease at an almost constant rate. By the end of the XXI century, the total carbon balance will be equal to zero, with the exchange flows fully balanced, and may even be negative, with the system beginning to take up carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., becomes a “sink”. The regional dynamics is somewhat more complex, i.e., some regions, like China, Asia and Pacific are being active sources of Carbon through the studied period, while others are changing from source to sink or continue to be neutral in respect the GCC.     

Importance of Habitat Quality and Landscape Connectivity for the Persistence of Endangered Natterjack Toads

Abstract: The natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) is endangered in several parts of its distribution, including Belgium, where it occurs mainly in artificial habitats. We parameterized a general model for natterjack population viability analysis (PVA) and tested its sensitivity to changes in the values of basic parameters. Then we assessed the relative efficiency of various conservation measures in 2 situations: a small isolated population and a system of 4 populations connected by rare dispersal movements. We based the population viability analysis on a stage‐structured model of natterjack population dynamics. We parameterized the model in the RAMAS GIS platform with vital rates obtained from our own field experience and from published studies. Simulated natterjack populations were highly sensitive to habitat quality (particularly pond drying), to dispersal from surrounding local populations, and to a lesser extent to values of fecundity and survival of terrestrial stages. Population trajectories were nearly insensitive to initial abundances, carrying capacities, and the frequency of extreme climatic conditions. The simulations showed that in habitats with highly ephemeral ponds, where premetamorphosis mortality was high, natterjack populations nearly always had a very high extinction risk. We also illustrated how low dispersal rates (<1 dispersing individual/generation) efficiently rescued declining local populations. Such source‐sink dynamics demonstrate that the identification and management of source populations should be a high priority.