氧化胁迫对沉水植物黑藻抗冷力的影响

以3种不同质量浓度的H2O2分别对沉水植物黑藻做3种不同程度的氧化胁迫预处理,再经冷胁迫后测定黑藻顶枝的膜脂过氧化程度(MDA含量)、细胞抗氧化酶(SOD,CAT)活性.结果发现低浓度氧化胁迫预处理(0.06mmol/L的H2O2浸泡4或6 h预处理组)的黑藻经冷胁迫处理后,成活率不降低,其膜脂过氧化程度和细胞抗氧化酶的活性还有提高;而经中、高浓度氧化胁迫预处理(0.60mmol/L的H2O2浸泡6和12 h预处理组或1.00mmol/L的H2O2浸泡4,6和12 h预处理组)后的黑藻在冷胁迫处理后的结果则相反.因此,沉水植物黑藻对氧化胁迫感知并做出反应的机制(氧化应激机制),在其对低温反应和适应过程中起着很重要的调节作用.建议早春时节在进行水生植物恢复过程中可采用适宜浓度的H2O2预处理植株,以提高植株的适应性和保持成活率,进一步提高水生植物恢复的效率和效果.     

Carbon Sequestration by Carbonization of Biomass and Forestation: Three Case Studies

We proposed the carbon sink project called “Carbon Sequestration by Forestation and Carbonization (CFC),” which involves biomass utilization and land conservation by incorporating the products of biomass carbonization into the agents for soil improvement, water purification, etc. Our purpose was to demonstrate the potential of the CFC scheme for carbon sequestration, particularly carbon storage in soil. Case studies were conducted in both developing and developed countries. 1. In southern Sumatra, Indonesia, 88,369 Mg-C year⁻¹ of wood residue from a plantation forest and excess bark from a pulp mill would be converted into 15,571 Mg-C year⁻¹ of the net carbon sink by biochar for soil improvement. The fixed carbon recovery of the system is 21.0%. 2. In a semiarid region in western Australia, the carbonization of wood residue was incorporated with multipurpose projects of a mallee eucalyptus plantation that involved the function of salinity prevention. During the project period of 35 years, the total carbon sink would reach 1,035,450 Mg-C with 14.0% by aboveground biomass, 33.1% by belowground biomass and 52.8% by biochar in soil. 3. In southern Kyushu, Japan, the study was focused on the effective use of surplus heat from a garbage incinerator for carbonizing woody materials. Sawdust of 936.0 Mg-C year⁻¹ would be converted into the net carbon sink of 298.5 Mg-C year⁻¹ by carbonization, with the fixed carbon recovery of the system being 31.9%. Consequently, the CFC project could encourage the creation of a carbon sink in soil. However, we recognize that the quality standard of biochar, the stability of biochar in soil, and the methods for monitoring biochar utilization must be clarified before incorporating biochar carbon into the carbon credit system. Throughout this article (except for diagrams and in citation details) carbonized biomass is, with the authors'agreement, called ‘biochar’ in lieu of the commonly used but misleading word ‘charcoal’ (Editor).     

潮田河典型河流断面水化学日变化及光合作用固定HCO_3~-碳量估算

为了解岩溶地表河明流段水化学日变化和探讨岩溶碳汇稳定性,以潮田河上幸坡鸟岭段河流为研究对象,用自动检测仪器每隔15 min对水体中温度、p H值、电导率(Sp)、溶解氧(DO)、叶绿素(Chl)等参数进行测定,人工每小时检测水中HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)。通过3 d的昼夜监测,数据显示温度,p H,DO,Chl表现出白天升高晚上降低(Sp,HCO_3~-和Ca~(2+)相反)的昼夜动态特征。结果表明,藻类碳汇效应明显,3 d昼夜监测数据计算得出潮田河上幸坡至鸟岭段光合作用固定HCO_3~-碳量为2.012 t C,增强了碳汇的稳定性,促进了岩溶地质碳汇。浮游藻类是岩溶碳汇的影响因素之一。     

铜铝复合式CPU风冷散热器的实验研究

随着计算机的迅猛发展，CPU芯片的集成度、封装密度以及工作频率的不断提高，其发热量也不断增大，从而对CPU散热器的散热性能的要求也提高了．通过分析散热器的散热性能及性能评价方法，对放射状铜铝复合式CPU散热器进行了测试，建立不同风速下功率与CPU表面平衡温度关系曲线和不同风速下功率与热阻关系曲线，为改进散热器提供了实验数据．图3，参5．     

Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000

This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880 and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162% of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources (biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil fuels.     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收规律

土壤盐碱化严重威胁土地可持续利用和温室气体排放.本研究选择内蒙古河套灌区3种盐碱土壤［S1：盐化土壤,电导率（EC）4.80 dS·m^-1;S2：强度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）2.60 dS·m^-1;S3：轻度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）0.74 dS·m^-1］.利用静态暗箱法野外原位观测研究盐碱土壤甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律.结果表明,不同盐碱程度土壤CH₄吸收每年均存在显著差异,2014年生长季（F=18.0,P<0.001）,2015年生长季（F=23.6,P<0.001）和2016年生长季（F=28.4,P<0.001）.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量最高,盐化土壤累积吸收量最低.随土壤盐碱程度加重,土壤CH₄累积吸收量降低.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量在2014~2016年3个生长季（4~10月）分别为150.0、119.6和99.9 mg·m^-2;重度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低27%、28%和19%;盐化土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低35%、35%和53%.冗余分析表明,盐碱土壤CH₄吸收通量与土壤EC的投影在第一主成分轴正方向和反方向,土壤EC越高,CH₄吸收通量越低.土壤电导率EC是调控盐碱土壤CH₄吸收的关键因子,相关系数r为-0.8809（P<0.01,n=9）.     

西双版纳森林植被碳储量动态与增汇潜力研究

科学评估区域森林碳储量动态与增汇潜力对理解陆地碳循环具有重要的意义。本文基于生物量转换因子连续函数法,对西双版纳1993—2006年间森林植被碳储量与碳汇潜力进行了研究,结果表明,（1）西双版纳1993—1994年间森林植被整体碳储量为60 770 378.37 t,碳汇增量表现为栎类（Quercus L.）〉经济林〉思茅松（Pinus kesiya）〉其它阔叶〉桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为15.08～74.76 t.hm-2;2005—2006年间森林植被整体碳储量为62 347 715.19 t,比1994—1993年间上升2.60%,碳汇增量均表现为其它阔叶〉经济林〉栎类〉思茅松〉桤木〉杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）〉其它针叶,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为8.60～70.90 t.hm-2。（2）2005—2006年间,景洪森林植被整体碳储量为23 299 801.23 t,碳密度范围为8.78～73.35 t.hm-2;勐海森林植被整体碳储量为14 058 043.42 t,碳密度范围为7.95～59.51 t.hm-2;勐腊森林植被整体碳储量为25 050 562.32 t,碳密度范围为8.46～98.73 t.hm-2。可见,1993—2006年间,西双版纳森林植被起到了重要的碳汇功能,且其碳汇功能呈上升趋势。     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏季N2O的产生与释放机理

为了研究河流筑坝对河流氮生物地球化学循环的影响，在夏季水体分层期间对猫跳河梯级水库坝前分层采集水样进行了相关地球化学分析。结果显示，在上游的两座水库存在2个明显的温度分层现象，并影响到了水体N2O的产生和分布。红枫水库整个剖面的氮分布主要受硝化作用控制，而百花湖、修文及红岩水库则表现为上层水体为硝化作用，中层为硝化反硝化共同作用。所有水库表层水和下泄水高饱和度的N2O含量表明这些水体为大气N2O的源。百花湖底层反硝化作用强烈，中间产物N2O大量消耗。底层泄水的方式对于温室气体释放影响重大，因此不同水库下泄水的N2O含量在时间和空间上的变化与水库运行和调蓄模式有关。研究结果表明，梯级水库过程对N2O的排放影响很大，在水电开发的环境保护中应当引起重视。     

The Effects of Acidity on Carbon Fluxes from Ombrotrophic Peat

Replicate intact peat/vegetation monoliths were collected along a pollution gradient in the UK and subjected over one year to 1200 mm of simulated rainfall of the same chemical composition as they received in the field. Drainage water was analysed periodically for DOC and pH, and the decomposition rates of Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum angustifolium leaves were measured, as well as soil atmosphere CO₂ contents and peat matric potentials. the chemical characteristics of the peats as initially sampled from the field also were determined. the results suggest that acidic precipitation has induced chemical changes in ombrotrophic peats, lowering their pH and base status, when due account is taken of calcium deposition or any mineral content. Greater DOC fluxes were observed from the more acid peats, and litter decomposition rates from these peats were reduced.     

城郊流域源汇景观格局与水体抗生素的关系

阐明城郊地区土地利用格局对水体抗生素的影响,对于维护水质安全和城乡居民健康具有重要意义.本研究以长三角典型城郊宁波樟溪流域为例,基于不同子流域定位监测,研究了城郊流域水体抗生素的组成和分布特征,基于源汇景观模型探讨了流域源汇景观格局特征对水体抗生素的影响.结果表明,不同子流域水体抗生素含量和种类存在较大差异,抗生素的浓度变化范围为1.12～53.74 ng·L~(-1).景观分析表明研究区从上游到下游"源"景观的面积逐渐增大,而"汇"景观的面积逐渐减小.不同子流域水体抗生素的非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)发现具有相似源汇景观格局的子流域水体抗生素组成和含量具有一定的相似性.土地利用的组成及其在海拔、坡度和距离上的分布都对水体抗生素浓度有不同程度的影响.相关分析和冗余分析(RDA)表明,源汇景观负荷比指数(LWLI)与水体抗生素浓度呈正相关关系,子流域LWLI越大其水体抗生素浓度越高.通过流域景观格局优化,使"源""汇"景观在空间上合理分布,可以减少水体抗生素污染.