铜铝复合式CPU风冷散热器的实验研究

随着计算机的迅猛发展，CPU芯片的集成度、封装密度以及工作频率的不断提高，其发热量也不断增大，从而对CPU散热器的散热性能的要求也提高了．通过分析散热器的散热性能及性能评价方法，对放射状铜铝复合式CPU散热器进行了测试，建立不同风速下功率与CPU表面平衡温度关系曲线和不同风速下功率与热阻关系曲线，为改进散热器提供了实验数据．图3，参5．     

Long-term dynamics of terrestrial carbon stocks in Austria: a comprehensive assessment of the time period from 1830 to 2000

This article presents a comprehensive data set on Austria’s terrestrial carbon stocks from the beginnings of industrialization in the year 1830 to the present. It is based on extensive historical and recent land use and forestry data derived from primary sources (cadastral surveys) for the early nineteenth century, official statistics available for later parts of the nineteenth century as well as the twentieth century, and forest inventory data covering the second half of the twentieth century. Total carbon stocks—i.e. aboveground and belowground standing crop and soil organic carbon—are calculated for the entire period and compared to those of potential vegetation. Results suggest that carbon stocks were roughly constant from 1830 to 1880 and have grown considerably from 1880 to 2000, implying that Austria’s vegetation has acted as a carbon sink since the late nineteenth century. Carbon stocks increased by 20% from approximately 1.0 GtC in 1830 and 1880 to approximately 1.2 GtC in the year 2000, a value still much lower than the amount of carbon terrestrial ecosystems are expected to contain in the absence of land use: According to calculations presented in this article, potential vegetation would contain some 2.0 GtC or 162% of the present terrestrial carbon stock, suggesting that the recent carbon sink results from a recovery of biota from intensive use in the past. These findings are in line with the forest transition hypothesis which claims that forest areas are growing in industrialized countries. Growth in forest area and rising carbon stocks per unit area of forests both contribute to the carbon sink. We discuss the hypothesis that the carbon sink is mainly caused by the shift from area-dependent energy sources (biomass) in agrarian societies to the largely area-independent energy system of industrial societies based above all on fossil fuels.     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度土壤CH4吸收规律

土壤盐碱化严重威胁土地可持续利用和温室气体排放.本研究选择内蒙古河套灌区3种盐碱土壤［S1：盐化土壤,电导率（EC）4.80 dS·m^-1;S2：强度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）2.60 dS·m^-1;S3：轻度盐碱土壤,电导率（EC）0.74 dS·m^-1］.利用静态暗箱法野外原位观测研究盐碱土壤甲烷（CH₄）吸收规律.结果表明,不同盐碱程度土壤CH₄吸收每年均存在显著差异,2014年生长季（F=18.0,P<0.001）,2015年生长季（F=23.6,P<0.001）和2016年生长季（F=28.4,P<0.001）.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量最高,盐化土壤累积吸收量最低.随土壤盐碱程度加重,土壤CH₄累积吸收量降低.轻度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量在2014~2016年3个生长季（4~10月）分别为150.0、119.6和99.9 mg·m^-2;重度盐碱土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低27%、28%和19%;盐化土壤CH₄累积吸收量比轻度盐碱土壤分别降低35%、35%和53%.冗余分析表明,盐碱土壤CH₄吸收通量与土壤EC的投影在第一主成分轴正方向和反方向,土壤EC越高,CH₄吸收通量越低.土壤电导率EC是调控盐碱土壤CH₄吸收的关键因子,相关系数r为-0.8809（P<0.01,n=9）.     

西双版纳森林植被碳储量动态与增汇潜力研究

科学评估区域森林碳储量动态与增汇潜力对理解陆地碳循环具有重要的意义。本文基于生物量转换因子连续函数法,对西双版纳1993—2006年间森林植被碳储量与碳汇潜力进行了研究,结果表明,（1）西双版纳1993—1994年间森林植被整体碳储量为60 770 378.37 t,碳汇增量表现为栎类（Quercus L.）〉经济林〉思茅松（Pinus kesiya）〉其它阔叶〉桤木（Alnus cremastogyne）,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为15.08～74.76 t.hm-2;2005—2006年间森林植被整体碳储量为62 347 715.19 t,比1994—1993年间上升2.60%,碳汇增量均表现为其它阔叶〉经济林〉栎类〉思茅松〉桤木〉杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）〉其它针叶,主要森林类型的碳密度范围为8.60～70.90 t.hm-2。（2）2005—2006年间,景洪森林植被整体碳储量为23 299 801.23 t,碳密度范围为8.78～73.35 t.hm-2;勐海森林植被整体碳储量为14 058 043.42 t,碳密度范围为7.95～59.51 t.hm-2;勐腊森林植被整体碳储量为25 050 562.32 t,碳密度范围为8.46～98.73 t.hm-2。可见,1993—2006年间,西双版纳森林植被起到了重要的碳汇功能,且其碳汇功能呈上升趋势。     

猫跳河流域梯级水库夏季N2O的产生与释放机理

为了研究河流筑坝对河流氮生物地球化学循环的影响，在夏季水体分层期间对猫跳河梯级水库坝前分层采集水样进行了相关地球化学分析。结果显示，在上游的两座水库存在2个明显的温度分层现象，并影响到了水体N2O的产生和分布。红枫水库整个剖面的氮分布主要受硝化作用控制，而百花湖、修文及红岩水库则表现为上层水体为硝化作用，中层为硝化反硝化共同作用。所有水库表层水和下泄水高饱和度的N2O含量表明这些水体为大气N2O的源。百花湖底层反硝化作用强烈，中间产物N2O大量消耗。底层泄水的方式对于温室气体释放影响重大，因此不同水库下泄水的N2O含量在时间和空间上的变化与水库运行和调蓄模式有关。研究结果表明，梯级水库过程对N2O的排放影响很大，在水电开发的环境保护中应当引起重视。     

The Effects of Acidity on Carbon Fluxes from Ombrotrophic Peat

Replicate intact peat/vegetation monoliths were collected along a pollution gradient in the UK and subjected over one year to 1200 mm of simulated rainfall of the same chemical composition as they received in the field. Drainage water was analysed periodically for DOC and pH, and the decomposition rates of Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum angustifolium leaves were measured, as well as soil atmosphere CO₂ contents and peat matric potentials. the chemical characteristics of the peats as initially sampled from the field also were determined. the results suggest that acidic precipitation has induced chemical changes in ombrotrophic peats, lowering their pH and base status, when due account is taken of calcium deposition or any mineral content. Greater DOC fluxes were observed from the more acid peats, and litter decomposition rates from these peats were reduced.     

基于灰色关联分析的芯片布局和散热器结构参数优化

目的 降低芯片工作温升,提升芯片的热可靠性.方法 利用CFD仿真工具,搭建多芯片共用散热器的热仿真分析模型,确定不同方案的芯片结点温升.以芯片横向和纵向间距、散热器基板厚度、翅片高度、翅片厚度、横向翅片间距、纵向翅片数等7个结构参数与芯片温升之间关系为研究对象,以降低芯片结点温升为优化目标,通过灰色关联分析,筛选出主要影响因素,并利用响应面回归分析优化.结果 其中4个因素的灰色关联度大于0.6,是影响芯片温升的主要因素,排序为纵向翅片数>基板厚度>芯片横向间距>翅片厚度;横向翅片间隔、翅片高度、芯片纵向间距为次要因素.进一步通过响应面分析优化获取了最终组合优化参数,芯片纵向间隔为15 mm,翅片高度为18 mm,翅片间隔为6 mm;芯片横向间距为104 mm,基板厚度为11.2 mm,翅片厚度为1.13 mm,纵向翅片数为10,芯片组最大温升为48.959℃.结论 灰色关联分析能较好地用于散热多因素影响分析,与响应面回归分析相结合,可以构建出较高精度的回归预测模型,该研究为多芯片共用散热器的布局和结构方案评估和优化提供了参考.     

A multispecies test of source–sink indicators to prioritize habitat for declining populations

For species at risk of decline or extinction in source–sink systems, sources are an obvious target for habitat protection actions. However, the way in which source habitats are identified and prioritized can reduce the effectiveness of conservation actions. Although sources and sinks are conceptually defined using both demographic and movement criteria, simplifications are often required in systems with limited data. To assess the conservation outcomes of alternative source metrics and resulting prioritizations, we simulated population dynamics and extinction risk for 3 endangered species. Using empirically based habitat population models, we linked habitat maps with measured site‐ or habitat‐specific demographic conditions, movement abilities, and behaviors. We calculated source–sink metrics over a range of periods of data collection and prioritized consistently high‐output sources for conservation. We then tested whether prioritized patches identified the habitats that most affected persistence by removing them and measuring the population response. Conservation decisions based on different source–sink metrics and durations of data collection affected species persistence. Shorter time series obscured the ability of metrics to identify influential habitats, particularly in temporally variable and slowly declining populations. Data‐rich source–sink metrics that included both demography and movement information did not always identify the habitats with the greatest influence on extinction risk. In some declining populations, patch abundance better predicted influential habitats for short‐term regional persistence. Because source–sink metrics (i.e., births minus deaths; births and immigrations minus deaths and emigration) describe net population conditions and cancel out gross population counts, they may not adequately identify influential habitats in declining populations. For many nonequilibrium populations, new metrics that maintain the counts of individual births, deaths, and movement may provide additional insight into habitats that most influence persistence.     

上海、北京和天津碳排放的比较

以北京、天津、上海为例,探讨了城市碳排放趋势预测的研究方法。采用最优增长率模型,研究了经济平稳增长的条件下,各市未来的能源碳排放趋势。考虑了水泥工业的碳排放量,并采用CO2FIX模型计算各市森林碳汇量,从而得到各市净碳排放量。结果表明：北京、天津、上海的能源碳排放量都呈倒U型曲线,上海的碳排放量远高于北京和天津两市。北京、天津、上海的水泥碳排放量都呈增加趋势,其中北京每年的水泥碳排放量最大,且增长率也是3个城市中最大的。北京和天津的累计森林碳汇量不断上升,上海的累计森林碳汇量几乎为零。北京、上海、天津的净碳排放量仍呈倒U型曲线增长,但与不考虑水泥碳排放和森林碳汇时的情况差别不大。由此可见,北京、上海、天津应重点减少能源碳排放,有效控制水泥产业碳排放,逐步扩大植树造林面积,从多方面采取措施降低碳排放。     

天山南坡科其喀尔冰川流域水化学侵蚀及大气CO_2沉降量分析

2004-06-21～2004-09-10对天山南坡科其喀尔冰川作用区河水、大气降水及冰川进行水化学采样和分析实验,计算了地壳源物质的化学侵蚀率和大气CO2沉降量.分析结果表明,大气降水中溶质补给率平均为60.7kg.(km2.d)-1,占流域总溶质通量791.2kg.(km2.d)-1的7.7%.冰川冰中溶质因冰溶解作用补给河水中溶质的补给率平均为60.2kg.(km2.d)-1,占7.6%.地壳源水化学侵蚀率为558.0kg.(km2.d)-1,占70.5%,是河水中可溶性离子的主要来源.其中,流出SO24-总通量为171.1kg.(km2.d)-1,主要来源于地壳水化学侵蚀补给,占90.6%,其次是大气降水补给,占5.6%;流出HCO3-总通量为308.9kg.(km2.d)-1,其中硫化物氧化作用导致碳酸盐水解补给的HCO3-为84.2kg.(km2.d)-1,在吸收大气CO2引起的碳酸化作用过程中,源于大气CO2的HCO3-与源于碳酸盐的HCO3-相等,均为112.3kg.(km2.d)-1,相当于暂时性吸收大气CO2通量为81.0kg.(km2.d)-1,占流域总溶质通量的14.2%.利用碳酸盐水解法计算的地壳溶质侵蚀通量为641.1kg.(km2.d)-1,比前者利用物质平衡原理计算过程中考虑与不考虑大气CO2沉降的结果分别相差14.9%和4.4%.本研究对于评估我国西部资料匮乏的冰川区的水化学侵蚀和冰川区对碳循环的贡献具有重要的示范意义.