无实测资料河流环境容量核算中设计流量推求

水环境容量核算过程中,经常遇到小流域没有实测径流资料,或者有短期实测径流资料但又无法展延的情况,其设计流量只能通过间接途经来推求。文章以颖河流域为例,应用等值线图法、水文比拟法和径流系数法推算该流域的年径流量,相互验证和比较上述3种方法的推算结果,并将成果用于计算设计流量。结果表明,计算方法能满足水环境容量核算的精度要求。     

山地土壤—植物系统中汞污染问题的初步调查

调查研究表明：在山地大气、水体质量较好的环境中,柑橘（含汞量）有超标问题,其土壤汞有超背景值现象;而蔬菜土壤则无此问题,其原因可能是由于多年生植物从大气和土壤中富积微量汞的时间较一年生植物长,以及土壤中砂粒结合汞粘粒结合汞具有更高的生物活性     

中国西北地区生态环境的现状及保护对策

近四十年来,由于种种原因,我国西北原本十分脆弱的生态环境愈加恶化,主要表现存:水土流失严重;绿色植被边培植、边破坏;草原退化,土地沙化;气候干旱,水资源短缺并遭受污染;大批珍稀动值物种群濒临灭绝。对此现状,我们认为,只有加强领导,强化生态意识,克服短期行为,大力植树种草,增加绿色覆盖,保护和合理利用水资源,才能改善大西北的生态环境。     

济南市南部山区保泉生态工程建设

通过对济南市南部山区地下水补给区范围的自然,社会,经济状况调查,分析区内水文地质及地下水的运移规律和“三水”转化规律,从生态建设规模,树种选择,投资预算等方面提出保泉的生态工程建议,并科学估算生态工程措施实施后对保泉的贡献。     

Ecotoudsm Model and Benefits of Periphery Regions in Western Sichuan Province

There are many problems in the minority regions of western Sichuan Province,such as serious soil erosion,fragile ecological environment,low levels of economy and so on.Ad- vantages of tourism resources in theperiphery regionsshould be fully utilized,andmulti-tourismmeets the characteristics and present situation of the minority regions.Themulti-tourism de- velopment modelcan exert the functions of tourism as the key industry.Based on the demands and the internal linkages among different industries,the mo...     

Comparing and evaluating the nationally determined contributions of the top six emitters under the Paris Agreement goals

ABSTRACT

Comparing and evaluating the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) is an important element in global stocktake in the post-Paris climate negotiations, aimed at closing the emissions gap with the Paris Agreement goals. To date, however, there has still been no explicit guideline or method. By applying emissions allowance allocated by 16 schemes as benchmarks, this paper tries to compare and evaluate the NDCs of the top six emitters, which jointly account for about 70% of the world’s CO₂ emissions. Results show that the four developed countries’ NDCs lack ambition with respect to most allocations under 2°C and all under 1.5°C, indicating they need to substantially ratchet up their NDCs and lead elevating mitigation. Evaluating cumulative emissions is more likely to clarify the ambition and fairness of China’s NDC. If considering cumulative emissions, China’s NDC is aligned with the median of cumulative allowances under 2°C and within the 1.5°C range. The Paris Agreement invited the Parties to communicate the mid-century low emissions strategies. This paper also tries to explore the mid-century mitigation in the perspective of allocations, which might provide decision-makers with some useful information when envisaging the post-NDC mitigation.     

基于神经网络和数值模型的重点区域PM2.5预报比较分析

应用BP神经网络法建立京津冀及周边城市、汾渭平原、苏皖鲁豫交界地区和长三角地区等重点区域95个城市PM_2.5预报模型,对2020年秋冬季上述地区城市开展未来7 d的PM_2.5预测预报,并对比同期业务化运行的数值模型预报结果和各城市人工订正后预报结果,对3方法预报效果进行分析评估.结果表明:（1） 4区域神经网络法模型性能短期预报相对较好,中长期有所降低,对4区域均有一定的系统性高估,苏皖鲁豫交界地区系统性偏差最小,长三角地区偏差最显著.数值模型区域预报水平较神经网络有所降低,各评价指标总体低于神经网络,对辖区城市间预报效果较神经网络差异更大.（2）神经网络、数值模型和人工订正方法对4区域PM_2.5浓度预报准确率普遍较低,平均不足50%,准确水平总体呈:神经网络>人工订正>数值模型. 3方法分指数级别范围准确率均大幅提升,4区域1～4 d平均准确率均在65%以上,神经网络模型和人工订正水平相近,总体高于数值模型.（3）在预报中度及以上污染级别日时,数值模型在京津冀及周边城市、苏皖鲁豫交界地区和长三角地区效果均较...     

武汉冬季大气PM2.5小时分辨率源贡献识别及潜在影响域分析

冬季是我国大气细颗粒物(PM_2.5)污染较为严重的时段,武汉市PM_2.5受到明显的区域传输影响.本研究基于小时分辨率PM_2.5组分观测数据,采用受体模型,解析武汉冬季大气PM_2.5各类源的实时贡献.结合轨迹聚类和浓度权重,识别影响各类源的传输路径和潜在源区.武汉冬季大气平均ρ(PM_2.5)为（75.1±29.2）μg·m^-3.观测期间共有两次污染过程,第一次污染过程主要受西北方向气团影响,水溶性离子升高是PM_2.5呈现高值的主要原因,ρ（NH⁺₄）、ρ（NO^-₃）和ρ（SO■）分别是清洁时段的1.6、 1.7和2.1倍;第二次污染过程则以正东方向气团为主,二次有机组分有明显的生成.对武汉冬季大气PM_2.5贡献最大的是二次源（34.1%）,其次是机动车尾气（23.7%）、燃煤（11.5%）、道路尘（10.9%）、钢铁冶炼（8.7...     

重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效及驱动力研究

重点生态功能区是保障国家生态安全、扩大绿色生态空间的重要区域,在实现全国生态资产保值增值方面发挥着重要作用。然而,现阶段围绕重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效及驱动力开展的研究较少。为明确重点生态功能区生态资产保护的驱动力以及存在的问题,本文利用遥感影像并结合图像解译、GIS空间分析和数理统计等方法对重点生态功能区内生态资产展开分析,并将其与非重点生态功能区进行比较。研究结果显示:重点生态功能区内森林、灌丛、草地和湿地生态资产总面积为349.30万km~2,优级和良级生态资产占生态资产总面积的42.42%,生态资产综合指数为21.19。15年间,重点功能区内生态资产总面积增加0.05%,优级和良级生态资产面积占比分别增加0.59%和0.85%,生态资产综合指数增加2.94。重点生态功能区生态资产面积和质量增幅均小于非重点生态功能区,然而重点生态功能区生态资产指数增量高于非重点生态功能区。生态恢复是驱动重点生态功能区生态资产面积变化的主因,对原有生态资产的保护是促进生态资产指数增加的最主要驱动力(贡献率达81%),城镇化和农业开发对生态资产的不利影响不容忽视(贡献率达-6.81%)。研究表明,对重点生态功能区生态资产保护成效显著,同时还有较大提升空间。本研究也为优化重点生态功能区的城镇化和农业开发的管理提供了证据和参考。     

Understanding transitions in farming systems and their effects on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods in Telangana,India

Increasing food demands are causing rapid transitions in farming systems, often involving intensified land and resource use. While transitioning has benefits regarding poverty alleviation and food outputs, it also causes environmental and social issues over time. This study aims to understand the transitions in farming systems in a region in Telangana, from 1997 to 2015, and their effect on livestock rearing and smallholder livelihoods. We also examine the impact of the transitions on lower caste groups and women in particular. We collected data using a combination of methods, i.e., a household survey, focus group discussions, and secondary data sources, to build a comprehensive picture of the transitions in the region. We found that subsistence mixed farming systems transitioned to market-orientated specialized systems over a short time span. As the transition process gained momentum, households either intensified their production or got marginalized. Technological interventions, development programs with integrated approaches, and market demand for certain agricultural produce triggered increased regional production but also led to the scarcity of water, land, and labor. The transitions marginalized some of the households, changed the role of livestock in farming, and have been inclusive of both lower caste groups and women in terms of increased ownership of large ruminants and access to technologies. However, for women specifically, further increase in workload in the context of farming is also found.