哈尔滨春季大气PM_(2.5)物理化学特征及来源解析

应用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)对哈尔滨市春季市区大气PM2.5的物理和化学特征进行研究。微观图像表明PM2.5颗粒类型主要为矿物、烟尘集合体、飞灰和超细颗粒物;从各种颗粒的数量-粒度、体积-粒度分布及矿物元素分析表明,哈尔滨市大气PM2.5颗粒中,矿物、烟尘集合体、飞灰是颗粒的主要成分,分别来源于扬尘、燃煤燃烧和机动车尾气排放。     

煤粒筛分现象与粒度分布特性的试验研究

在求解煤的物性参数时,为探究煤粒平均粒径对参数求解的影响,以5种不同粒级的煤粒为研究对象,系统研究筛分现象和粒度分布;以煤粒瓦斯扩散系数求解为例,分析算术平均值、体积加权平均体积粒径对计算结果的影响.研究结果表明:煤颗粒在筛分过程中会出现特殊分选现象,目标粒级粒度分布仅占真实粒度分布的33.37％～49.32％;算术平...     

瞬态吸收光谱技术研究水体中亚硝酸-萘体系的微观反应机理

采用 35 5nm紫外光照射HNO2 萘 H2 O体系 .研究表明 ,光照后体系中间产物和最终产物的光反应过程是通过HNO2 激光光解产生OH自由基 ,OH自由基再与萘反应生成　 OH ,反应速率常数为 ( 1 1± 0 1 )× 1 0 1 0 M- 1 ·s- 1 .     

光谱法研究甲萘威与DNA的相互作用

通过紫外与荧光光谱法研究了甲萘威与DNA的相互作用．结果显示,在甲萘威的作用下,DNA的吸收光谱出现增色与红移现象;DNA能够引起甲萘威单一的静态猝灭;甲萘威与DNA的作用能减弱K4[Fe(CN)6)]对甲萘威的荧光猝灭;实验结果支持甲萘威能以嵌插方式与DNA形成加合物,氯化钠及乙醇对加合物的荧光光谱存在不同影响．加合物的形成与药物的生物活性之间存在一定的相互联系。     

Testis size variation in the greenfinch Carduelis chloris : relevance for some recent models of sexual selection

Interspecific evidence that testis size responds to selection caused by sperm competition has been obtained from many taxa. However, little is known about the sources of intraspecific variation in testis size, although such variation may have functional significance. Variation in testis size and asymmetry was studied within and between eight geographically separated (and genetically differentiated) populations of greenfinches Carduelis chloris. The relationships between testis size and plumage brightness (degree of yellowness) and the prevalence of haematozoan infections were also investigated in three of these populations, as they related to the predictions of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, and Møller's hypothesis relating directional testis asymmetry to phenotypic quality. There were large differences between populations in testis size, with males from northern populations having larger testes than those from southern populations. Within populations, large testes were associated with larger body size and greater age. When the influence of these factors was removed statistically, males with large testes were more likely to be infected with haematozoan parasites, and had brighter yellow plumage. No evidence was found that directional asymmetry in testis size was related to either of these measures of phenotypic quality. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that males with large testes, while signalling higher phenotypic quality as revealed by increased plumage brightness, also pay a cost in terms of reduced immunocompetence, revealed by the increased probability of infection in these males. That these patterns were similar in three different populations adds further strength to these conclusions. Our results suggest that studying the sources of variation in testis size among individuals can reveal interesting processes in sexual selection.     

Offspring sex ratio response to host size in the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius

The host size model, an adaptive model for maternal manipulation of offspring sex ratio, was examined for the parasitoid wasp Spalangia endius. In a Florida strain, as the model predicts, daughters emerged from larger hosts than sons, but only when mothers received both small and large hosts simultaneously. The pattern appeared to result from the mother's ovipositional choice and not from differential mortality of the sexes during development. If sex ratio manipulation is adaptive in the Florida strain, it appears to be through a benefit to daughters of developing on large hosts rather than through a benefit to sons of developing on small hosts. Both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. For females, developing on a larger host (1) increased offspring production, except for the largest hosts, (2) increased longevity, (3) lengthened development, and (4) had no effect on wing loading. For males, development on a larger host had no effect on any measure of male fitness – mating success, longevity, development duration, or wing loading. In contrast, a strain from India showed no difference in the size of hosts from which daughters versus sons emerged, although both female and male parasitoids were larger when they developed on larger hosts. These results together with previous studies of Spalangia reveal no consistent connection between host-size-dependent sex ratio and host-size-dependent parasitoid size among strains of S. endius or among species of Spalangia. Received: 28 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 20 May 1999 / Accepted: 30 May 1999     

电化学降解与声电化降解苯胺溶液的对比实验研究

采用电化学和声电化两种方法处理苯胺溶液．考察了处理时间、苯胺浓度、pH、电解质浓度、电解电压等因素对苯胺降解率的影响,并对两种方法处理的溶液分别进行紫外分析。实验结果表明．在其他条件相同的情况下．声电化降解所得苯胺降解率远远大于采用电化学方法所得降解率。     

咪唑烟酸在土壤中的微生物降解及其代谢物分析

通过分析咪唑烟酸在4种典型土壤中灭菌和非灭菌条件下的降解动力学差异,初步探讨了土壤中的微生物对其降解的贡献率。结果表明,咪唑烟酸在非灭菌条件下的半衰期为29～44d,在灭菌条件下的半衰期为81～134d,在非灭菌条件下的降解速率比灭菌条件下提高1 3～3 4倍。在小粉土中微生物降解的理论半衰期约为48d,为灭菌条件下的近3倍,充分说明了土壤中的微生物在咪唑烟酸的降解中起着非常重要的作用。运用LC-ESI-MS检测到4种微生物降解产物,它们的分子量分别为219,222,201和149,并由此推断了咪唑烟酸在土壤中降解转化的主要途径为:首先被微生物转化成更为稳定的氨盐产物,然后再进一步脱甲基、羧基和异丙基及咪唑啉酮环的开裂和重排等。      

磨盘山水库溶解性有机质光谱特性及来源分析

结合紫外可见吸收光谱与三维荧光光谱法,利用平行因子分析方法研究哈尔滨市磨盘山水库水体中的溶解性有机质（DOM）。结果表明,水体DOM吸收系数α355平均值为（4.71±0.66）m-1,表明水库中有色溶解性有机质（CDOM）较高;水库水体DOM存在3个荧光组分,分别为类腐殖质C1（345 nm、440 nm）、类腐殖质C2（285 nm、405 nm）和类富里酸组分C3（275 nm、475 nm）;C1、C3呈现显著的正相关性,自生源指数与C1呈显著的负相关性;类腐殖质的荧光强度在深层水体中逐渐增加,且深层水体的腐殖化程度较高,较为稳定;水库中心水体中DOM的自生源特征较其他区域明显,浮游植物和细菌的有机体降解产物增加。     

双波长气溶胶粒径传感方法及其火灾烟雾探测器

提出了双波长光散射气溶胶粒径传感方法,设计实现了采用该方法的双波长火灾烟雾探测器。使用短波长和长波长的双波长光源,通过计算其光功率比值,利用其与中值粒径的关系函数获得气溶胶粒径,并根据不同粒径下的气溶胶浓度分别给出大小不同粒径的火灾烟雾或干扰气溶胶提示。因而,不仅可以有效区分大小不同粒径的火灾烟雾气溶胶,以正确探测火灾,而且能够识别微米级的大粒径干扰粒子,降低火灾误报率,可以应用于飞机等航空器空中密闭的特殊环境。