不同围岩和埋深条件下高地温隧道围岩稳定性影响研究*

为了研究围岩等级及埋深对高地温隧道围岩稳定性的影响,以红河州建（个）元高速公路尼格隧道为工程背景,采用现场测试、正交试验及数值模拟相结合的方法,探讨围岩等级、埋深及温度对隧道围岩稳定的敏感性。研究结果表明:隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩等级及埋深的升高而增加,而隧道拱顶沉降量随围岩温度的增加呈先减小后增加的趋势,影响隧道拱顶沉降因素主次顺序为围岩等级、埋深及温度。将数值模拟与现场监测结果对比分析,验证数值模拟的可靠性及准确性。研究结果可为类似高地温隧道设计和施工提供参考。     

艾比湖地区气溶胶光学特性分析

精河县气溶胶光学特性的定量评估是理解艾比湖盐尘传输过程的关键.本文利用2019年精河县CE-318太阳光度计站点观测资料,分析了气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)和Angstr?m波长指数(α)的变化特征.结果表明AOD日变化呈单峰曲线,与α呈反向变化特征;气溶胶粒子浓度和主控模态具有明显的季节性差异,与夏、秋季相比,春季AOD较高且变化幅度剧烈,粗粒子气溶胶占主控地位,粒子粒径和变化幅度较大; AOD和α呈负相关关系,从春季到秋季,气溶胶逐渐从粗模态向细模态过渡;与夏季相比,春季局地气溶胶对风速、风向和相对湿度的变化较为敏感;温度不是导致局地气溶胶变化的内在因素,但与气溶胶粒子扩散能力成正比;非采暖期,精河县AOD高值主要受粗粒子为主的沙尘气溶胶的影响,小颗粒的气溶胶的增加以及气溶胶吸湿增长都不是造成该地区AOD增加的主要原因.     

Internal corrosion hazard assessment of oil & gas pipelines using Bayesian belief network model

A substantial amount of oil & gas products are transported and distributed via pipelines, which can stretch for thousands of kilometers. In British Columbia (BC), Canada, alone there are over 40,000 km of pipelines currently being operated. Because of the adverse environmental impact, public outrage and significant financial losses, the integrity of the pipelines is essential. More than 37 pipe failures per year occur in BC causing liquid spills and gas releases, damaging both property and environment. BC oil & gas commission (BCOGS) has indicated metal loss due to internal corrosion as one of the primary causes of these failures. Therefore, it is of a paramount importance to timely identify pipelines subjected to severe internal corrosion in order to improve corrosion mitigation and pipeline maintenance strategies, thus minimizing the likelihood of failure. To accomplish this task, this paper presents a Bayesian belief network (BBN)-based probabilistic internal corrosion hazard assessment approach for oil & gas pipelines. A cause-effect BBN model has been developed by considering various information, such as analytical corrosion models, expert knowledge and published literature. Multiple corrosion models and failure pressure models have been incorporated into a single flexible network to estimate corrosion defects and associated probability of failure (PoF). This paper also explores the influence of fluid composition and operating conditions on the corrosion rate and PoF. To demonstrate the application of the BBN model, a case study of the Northeastern BC oil & gas pipeline infrastructure is presented. Based on the pipeline's mechanical characteristics and operating conditions, spatial and probabilistic distributions of corrosion defect and PoF have been obtained and visualized with the aid of the Geographic Information System (GIS). The developed BBN model can identify vulnerable pipeline sections and rank them accordingly to enhance the informed decision-making process.     

Natural attenuation/phytoremediation in the vadose zone of a former industrial sludge basin

The natural attenuation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the vadose zone of a naturally revegetated former industrial sludge basin (0.45 ha) was examined. This was accomplished by comparing the concentration of 16 PAH contaminants present in sludge collected below the root zone of plants with contaminants present at 3 shallower depths within the root zone. Chemical analysis of 240 samples from 60 cores showed the average concentration of total and individual PAHs in the 0-30 cm, 30-60 cm, and bottom of the root zone strata were approximately 10, 20, and 50%, respectively, of the 16, 800 ppm average total PAH concentration in deep non-rooted sludge. Statistically significant differences in average PAH concentrations were observed between each strata studied and the non-rooted sludge except for the concentrations of acenaphthene and chrysene present at the bottom of the root zone in comparison to sludge values. The rooting depth of the vegetation growing in the basin was dependent on both vegetation type and plant age. Average rooting depths for trees, forbs (herbaceous non-grasses), and grasses were 90, 60, and 50 cm, respectively. The deepest root systems observed (100-120 cm) were associated with the oldest (12-14 year-old) mulberry trees. Examination of root systems and PAH concentrations at numerous locations and depths within the basin indicated that plant roots and their microbially active rhizospheres fostered PAH disappearance; including water insoluble, low volatility compounds, i.e. benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. The reduced concentration of PAHs in the upper strata of this revegetated former sludge basin indicated that natural attenuation had occurred. This observation supports the concept that through appropriate planting and management practices (phytoremediation) it will be possible to accelerate, maximize, and sustain natural processes, whereby even the most recalcitrant PAH contaminants (i.e. benzo(a)pyrene) can be remediated over time.     

IMPACT ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR CLEAR WATER FISHES EXPOSED TO EXCESSIVELY CLOUDY WATER1

ABSTRACT: A new type of empirical model described here enables real time assessment of impacts caused by excessive water cloudiness as a function of (a) reduced visual clarity (excessive cloudiness) and (b) duration of exposure to cloudy conditions, in fisheries or fish life stages adapted to life in clear water ecosystems. This model takes the familiar form used in earlier suspended sediment dose effect models where z is severity of ill effect (SEV), x is duration of exposure (h), y is black disk sighting range (y BD, m)—a measure of water clarity, a is the intercept, and b and c are slope coefficients. As calibrated in this study the model is Severity of ill effect is ranked on a 15‐step scale that ranges from 0 to 14, where zero represents nil effect and 14 represents 100 percent mortality. This model, based on peer consultation and limited meta analysis of peer reviewed reports, accomplishes the following: (a) identifies the threshold of the onset of ill effects among clear water fishes; (b) postulates the rate at which serious ill effects are likely to escalate as a function of reduced visual clarity and persistence; (c) provides a context (the “visual clarity” matrix, with its cell coordinates) to share and compare information about impacts as a function of visual clarity “climate” (d) demonstrates changes in predator prey interactions at exposures greater than and less than the threshold of direct ill effects; (e) calibrates trout reactive distance (cm) as function of water clarity in the form where y represents reactive distance (cm) and x represents visual clarity (black disk sighting range, cm), and where a and b are intercept and slope respectively, such that (f) identifies black disk sighting range, in meters, and its reciprocal, beam attenuation, as preferred monitoring variables; and (g) provides two additional optical quality variables (Secchi disk extinction distance and turbidity) which, suitably calibrated as they have been in this study, expand the range of monitoring options in situations in which the preferred technology—beam attenuation equipment or black disk sighting equipment—is unavailable or impractical to use. This new model demonstrates the efficacy of peer collaboration and defines new research horizons for its refinement.     

广州城区一富营养化浅水池塘的光照特征及沉水植物栽植的对策

沉水植被的重建是富营养化湖泊生态恢复的重要途径,而光照是沉水植物生长的重要限制因子.根据2005年7月和2006年3月对广州市一富营养化浅水池塘水下照度的监测结果,建立水深与光照强度的关系模型,模型通式为I=I0e-αx.其中光衰减系数α平均为0.1002±0.0097(2005年7月)和0.1190±0.0063(2006年3月).据此模型计算,监测期间每天仅有9～10个小时池塘光补偿深度大于10 cm.在2005年7月和2006年3月每天池塘光补偿深度大于10 cm的时间段内,池塘平均光补偿深度分别为29.1 cm和28.7 cm,距池塘底部分别为24.4 cm和16.7 cm.池塘底部照度在每天绝大部分时间内不足水面照度的2 %.水下照度过低是导致在此类池塘中带水栽种沉水植物难以成功的重要原因.因此,在带水栽植沉水植物前,有必要采取措施改善水下光照条件,以保障沉水植物的生长需要.     

土壤矿质氮和可矿化氮对当季作物的贡献

从土壤矿质氮-硝态氮和铵态氮、土壤可矿化氮3个指标研究了土壤剖面不同层次有效氮对作物吸氮的贡献.结果表明,不同指标反映土壤供氮能力状况不一.土壤硝态氮和土壤可矿化氮与作物吸氮有较好的相关关系,而土壤铵态氮与作物吸氮关系不密切.在深度120cm之上的土层的土壤可矿化氮对作物吸氮有较大的贡献.在考虑土壤供氮能力时,建议应该考虑120cm深层以上的土壤.     

Ecological Consequences of Atmospheric Ozone Depletion in Northern Regions (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

Data on skin cancer morbidity and the total ozone concentration in the atmosphere over Arkhangelsk were processed using a standard method. The results showed that ozone depletion contributes to the increase of morbidity accounted for by this nosological form.     

双层玻璃幕墙全尺寸火灾实验研究

针对双层玻璃幕墙实际应用中的消防问题,采用全尺寸火灾实验的方法对火焰和烟气在双层幕墙结构中的传播进行了分析研究.在建立实体实验模型时采用同工程设计和实际构造相同的双层玻璃幕墙,并按实际尺寸搭建了一座2层的楼房模拟客房床垫中央着火、客房床垫角落着火和客房整体失火3种工况,并对火源热释放速率、幕墙玻璃内外侧温度、火焰和烟气运动过程进行了测量和观测,得出了火焰传播过程和烟气在幕墙夹层内运动特征及双层玻璃幕墙结构临界破碎温度、破碎时间等耐火性能特性.     

MODIS 3 km气溶胶光学厚度产品检验及其环境空气质量指示

分析了MODIS C006 3 km卫星遥感气溶胶产品的算法流程,并与AERONET观测数据进行对比验证,综合新疆阿克苏地区地面空气子站1年的颗粒物质量浓度(PM10)、环境气象资料(能见度、湿度等),评估了该高分辨率气溶胶产品的精度和稳定性.分析表明,MODIS 3 km AOD与AERONET地基AOD(Issyk-Kul)的相关系数(r)达到0.8836,满足期望误差要求,但存在高估;研究区AOD和PM10存在同步变化趋势,新疆阿克苏市区2个空气子站PM10质量浓度与AOD的相关系数(r)均大于0.55,直接对比的相关性好于类似研究;经高度订正和湿度订正后AOD-PM10的相关系数和拟合优度均有所提高,标准误差和变异系数均下降,但提升并不明显.这一相关性结果与研究区本底气象环境条件有关.MODIS 3 km AOD的季平均结果表明,阿克苏地区AOD存在显著的季节性变化,春季明显高于其他季节,主要城市春季平均AOD在1.5以上,夏季和秋季AOD均值基本介于0.6~0.7之间,阿克苏市主城区夏秋季AOD季均值仍在1.0以上,反映人口集聚、城市交通工业发展等大气人为污染的增加导致AOD的增高.结果表明,MODIS C006 3 km AOD产品质量稳定,其月、季平均等长时间尺度结果有更好的空间覆盖,可满足区域环境空气质量评估的需要.