环境污染型城市土地集约利用研究——以淮北市为例

土地集约利用是实现环境污染型城市可绿色持续发展的重要途径,同时也是中国建设生态文明的重要手段.文章以安徽省典型的环境污染型城市淮北市为例.依据淮北市的经济发展状况和土地利用现状,从经济、社会、生态三个角度构建评价指标体系,采用熵值法对权重进行确定,并采用多因素评价法对该区域2006年-2015年土地集约利用程度进行研究与评价.结果表明:2006年-2015年淮北市土地集约利用程度呈波动上升的趋势,其中,2006年-2010年淮北市土地利用呈不集约状态,2011年-2015年,集约利用土地水平由不集约逐渐转变为中度集约.政策的变化、产业结构的优化升级以及环境的治理提高了研究区域集约利用土地水平,并在此基础上提出三点建议.     

北京市冬季雾霾天人体呼吸高度PM2.5变化特征对气象因素的响应

依据实测北京冬季人体呼吸高度PM_(2.5)质量浓度、湿度、风速、风向、温度数据,利用相关性分析、非线性回归分析、统计分析,分别探讨轻中度空气污染天、一次重污染过程,气象因子对PM_(2.5)质量浓度生成、变化的影响.结果表明:1轻中度污染天,若温度较低、日平均风速较小,湿度大时,湿度是影响PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化的决定性因素;而温度、风速、湿度均较大时,PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化受三者共同作用;当风速、湿度、温度均较小时,PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化主要受前两者影响.这反映出,人体呼吸高度的PM_(2.5)质量浓度变化对气象因子微小变化响应极为敏感.2一次空气质量从良到重度污染的过程中,PM_(2.5)质量浓度积累主要是由于空气湍流较弱、加之湿度大导致的,此外白天西北风、东北风较大,但持续时间短,而夜间东南风、西南风风速较小,持续时间长,也有利于污染物的累积.3短时微小量降雪使温度降低、空气湿度增加,不仅不能降低PM_(2.5)质量浓度,反而使其上升了72%,造成颗粒物浓度的跃升现象.4短时风速较大,风速达到2.0 m·s~(-1),持续2 h,虽然在一定程度上降低局地PM_(2.5)质量浓度,但并不能彻底改变空气质量状况.只有当风速大于3.5 m·s~(-1),且持续4 h以上,才能够迅速地扩散空气中的细颗粒物,空气质量由重度污染转变为优.     

垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境物质变化对污染缓冲的影响

通过砂柱模拟实验研究垃圾渗滤液污染地下环境中氧化还原环境和主要组成物质的变化对沉积物的pH缓冲能力和氧化还原能力的影响及其相互关系.结果表明,氧化还原环境的变化对地下环境沉积物的pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲能力有重要影响,产甲烷带/硫酸盐还原带(MGZ/SRZ)、铁还原带(IRZ)、硝酸盐还原带(NRZ)和氧还原带(ORZ)沉积物的pH缓冲容量相对于本底值分别增加了12.4%、 10.8%、 19.8%和11.1%;pH缓冲和氧化还原缓冲之间相互影响、相互促进,它们直接影响着地下环境中污染物的自然衰减作用;沉积物中的铁氧化物、有机质、SO_4~(2-)和NH_4~+-N等的含量对pH缓冲能力和氧化还原缓冲能力均有不同的影响,整个体系的污染缓冲能力是各组分的综合作用结果.     

微生物在土壤中迁移物化参数的确定

以甲基叔丁基醚高效降解菌Chryseobacterium sp.A-3为研究对象,对污染场地生物修复中微生物在土壤中迁移的重要相关物化参数做了详细的描述和实验研究,包括土壤物性参数以及微生物在土壤中的吸附等温参数、吸附动力学、有效扩散系数和生长项系数.结果表明,微生物在土壤中的吸附等温线可与Freundlich方程很好地拟合,相关性达到99.5%,指数常数为1.1,该指数常数在统计上与1差别不大,因此可以用线性方程来描述平衡吸附过程.实验测得该菌在砂质壤土中的平衡吸附系数为0.98 mL/g.滞膜理论能够预测土壤中微生物的动力学吸附行为,同时也说明吸附过程是可逆的,得到土壤中微生物吸附的动力学参数,即可逆吸附常数为0.004 s-1,可逆解吸常数为0.002 s-1.膜池理论与分形理论分析得到微生物在土壤中的扩散系数为3.66×10-6 cm2/s,有效扩散系数为5.18×10-7cm2/s.通过对微生物降解甲基叔丁基醚过程进行拟合得到微生物的最大比增长速率为0.01 h-1,基质半饱和常数为134 mg/L以及细胞得率为0.33.本研究所提出的微生物在土壤中物化参数的确定方法可普遍应用于实验室和现场的微生物...     

Contaminant removal from low-concentration polluted river water by the bio-rack wetlands

The bio-rack is a new approach for treating low-concentration polluted river water in wetland systems. A comparative study of the efficiency of contaminant removal between four plant species in bio-rack wetlands and between a bio-rack system and control system was conducted on a small-scale (500 mm length × 400 mm width × 400 mm height) to evaluate the decontamination effects of four different wetland plants. There was generally a significant difference in the removal of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and total phosphorus (TP), but no significant difference in the removal of permanganate index (COD_Mn) between the bio-rack wetland and control system. Bio-rack wetland planted with Thalia dealbata had higher nutrient removal rates than wetlands planted with other species. Plant fine-root (root diameter ≤ 3 mm) biomass rather than total plant biomass was related to nutrient removal efficiency. The study suggested that the nutrient removal rates are influenced by plant species, and high fine-root biomass is an important factor in selecting highly effective wetland plants for a bio-rack system. According to the mass balance, the TN and TP removal were in the range of 61.03--73.27 g/m² and 4.14--5.20 g/m² in four bio-rack wetlands during the whole operational period. The N and P removal by plant uptake constituted 34.9%--43.81% of the mass N removal and 62.05%--74.81% of the mass P removal. The study showed that the nitrification/denitrification process and plant uptake process are major removal pathways for TN, while plant uptake is an effective removal pathway for TP.     

Effect of artificial aeration on the performance of vertical-flow constructed wetland treating heavily polluted river water

Three lab-scale vertical-flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), including the non-aerated (NA), intermittently aerated (IA) and continuously aerated (CA) ones, were operated at different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) to evaluate the effect of artificial aeration on the treatment efficiency of heavily polluted river water. Results indicated that artificial aeration increased the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in IA and CA, which significantly favored the removal of organic matter and NH₄⁺-N. The DO grads caused by intermittent aeration formed aerobic and anoxic regions in IA and thus promoted the removal of total nitrogen (TN). Although the removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and TN in the three VFCWs all decreased with an increase in HLR, artificial aeration enhanced the reactor resistance to the fluctuation of pollutant loadings. The maximal removal efficiencies of COD_Cr, NH₄⁺-N and total phosphorus (TP) (i.e., 81%, 87% and 37%, respectively) were observed in CA at 19 cm/day HLR, while the maximal TN removal (i.e., 57%) was achieved in IA. Although the improvement of artificial aeration on TP removal was limited, this study has demonstrated the feasibility of applying artificial aeration to VFCWs treating polluted river water, particularly at a high HLR.     

通信技术在近海环境监测中的应用

本文针对海洋环境监测覆盖面广、站位分散、数据间断和频繁少量的特点以及海洋环境监测自动化、实时化和连续化的发展趋势,提出一种基于水上移动通信和水声通信技术的海底观测链方式,并以海床基监测数据实时传输系统为例,对系统组成、技术特点、技术原理和应用分别阐述,旨在推广通信技术在海洋环境监测领域中的应用。     

同步脱氮除磷复配菌剂对河流水质净化效果研究

通过选择培养基、溴麝香草酚蓝（Bromothymol Blue,BTB）培养基筛选及脱氮除磷性能检测,从城市河道中成功筛选出6株异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌株,分别属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、产碱杆菌属（Alcaligenes）、无色杆菌属（Achromobacter）和陶厄氏菌属（Thauera）,其中3株菌株兼具硝化、反硝化和聚磷能力,菌株MC-5除磷能力最优.在此基础上,将筛选出的6株单菌株进行复配,考察了复配菌剂在不同COD/TN下的脱氮除磷性能.根据群落结构变化分析,发现复配菌剂中的产碱杆菌属在脱氮除磷中发挥了更为关键的作用.水中碳源耗尽时补加碳源能显著提升复配菌剂的脱氮除磷性能,氨氮和总磷去除率分别由55.87%和50.48%提高到100%和98.89%,而水中COD/TN高于20会对微生物产生抑制作用.探究复配菌剂处理受污染河水最佳投加量的试验结果表明,投加量为1.69 g·m-3时,总磷指标能够从地表水劣Ⅴ类提高至Ⅲ类水质标准,氮类指标能够提升至接近地表水Ⅴ类水质标准.适当提高菌剂投加量能提高氮、磷元素降解速率,缩短河道水质修复时间.这说明本研究中的同步脱氮除磷...     

Effects of human footprint and biophysical factors on the body-size structure of fished marine species

Marine fisheries in coastal ecosystems in many areas of the world have historically removed large-bodied individuals, potentially impairing ecosystem functioning and the long-term sustainability of fish populations. Reporting on size-based indicators that link to food-web structure can contribute to ecosystem-based management, but the application of these indicators over large (cross-ecosystem) geographical scales has been limited to either fisheries-dependent catch data or diver-based methods restricted to shallow waters (<20 m) that can misrepresent the abundance of large-bodied fished species. We obtained data on the body-size structure of 82 recreationally or commercially targeted marine demersal teleosts from 2904 deployments of baited remote underwater stereo-video (stereo-BRUV). Sampling was at up to 50 m depth and covered approximately 10,000 km of the continental shelf of Australia. Seascape relief, water depth, and human gravity (i.e., a proxy of human impacts) were the strongest predictors of the probability of occurrence of large fishes and the abundance of fishes above the minimum legal size of capture. No-take marine reserves had a positive effect on the abundance of fishes above legal size, although the effect varied across species groups. In contrast, sublegal fishes were best predicted by gradients in sea surface temperature (mean and variance). In areas of low human impact, large fishes were about three times more likely to be encountered and fishes of legal size were approximately five times more abundant. For conspicuous species groups with contrasting habitat, environmental, and biogeographic affinities, abundance of legal-size fishes typically declined as human impact increased. Our large-scale quantitative analyses highlight the combined importance of seascape complexity, regions with low human footprint, and no-take marine reserves in protecting large-bodied fishes across a broad range of species and ecosystem configurations.     

微污染水体夜间曝气控藻效果研究

设计和开发了一种适用于小城镇的曝气控藻设备,通过底泥围隔实验,研究了夜间曝气对微污染水体的治理效果。结果表明:曝气可以有效抑制氮素循环中反硝化作用和底泥向上覆水中释放磷元素,对氮、磷营养元素的抑制率高达80%;曝气对叶绿素a浓度影响极其显著(p<0.01);曝气能有效抑制藻类增长,并防止围隔内的藻类优势种转变为容易引发"水华"的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)。