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961.
Mike Bonell 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(4):765-785
ABSTRACT: When faced with practical forest land management issues such as the impacts of logging or forest conversion to other land uses, planners ideally require a comprehensive understanding of within drainage basin hydrological processes to determine the most vulnerable areas to increased storm runoff and erosion. Land managers in particular need to know the source areas and magnitude of inputs to the storm hydrograph, in terms of water quantity, sediment and solute transport; and the routing of such hydrographs from headwater to larger drainage basins. The latter includes an overall assessment at various scales of the impacts of forest disturbance and conversion on the water balance. This paper will focus on runoff generation in terms of identifying the various pathways and source areas. Such aspects will be linked with the need for a more comprehensive effort towards the field testing of so-called ‘physically based’ models of runoff generation. Some of the controversial issues arising from the difficulties in reconciling results from hydrochemical investigations with complementary hydrometric studies will be highlighted. Subsequently, attention will be given to topographic-wetness models, which have promising applications in forestland management. In addition, alternative simple models for application at the catchment scale will be assessed. The latter is in recognition that at smaller scales, heterogeneity both in time and space of soil hydraulic properties demand a greater number of parameters in modelling. Such considerations can even prove an obstacle in terms of the confident application of ‘physically based’ models. 相似文献
962.
Thomas Dunne 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1998,34(4):795-808
ABSTRACT: The potential for understanding and, where necessary, managing sedimentation in humid mountain drainage basins increases with awareness of the conditions that lead to shallow landsliding, debris flows, and catastrophic sedimentation in stream channels. Progress in understanding has involved: improved recognition of source areas and the potential for downstream effects of slope failure; improved understanding of hydrological conditions required for failure; and a general theory of slope stability in shallow colluvium, including the role of plants, fires, timber harvest, and other disturbances. The theory acknowledges spatial variability in topographic and geotechnical terrain characteristics, the stochastic nature of climatic triggering events such as forest fires and rainstorms, and the integrating nature of channel networks in modulating the cumulative effects of transient processes within a basin. Anthropogenic fire regimes, road effects, and timber harvest can readily be included. Continued application and modification of the theory over an expanded geographical range require improvements in field data and their systematic storage in spatial databases. Improvements in digital topographic data for mountain basins, systematic network-wide surveys of channel conditions, and new technology for rapid documentation of soil depths in landslide source areas would enhance the prediction of mass failure, its consequences for channel habitat, and the basin-wide or regional distribution of hillslope and channel conditions. Computations of the probabilities of transient effects throughout basins could then form the basis of ecological risk analyses. Large-scale spatial data sets of a few critical variables are required before this next level of understanding can be developed and applied to sedimentation impacts on ecosystems and other resources. 相似文献
963.
964.
对在高温高压恶劣环境中工作的原油集输管道进行了材质机械性能和结构强度的试验研究。结果表明:①腐蚀管道材质的强度极限应力σb和屈服极限应力σS的变化很小,故材质的机械性能无明显变化;②腐蚀管道焊缝的强度极限应力仅为管材强度极限应力的5513%;③腐蚀管道因局部点蚀造成的管壁穿孔,使管道的结构强度大幅度下降,塑性降低,延伸率减小,抗震性能明显削弱。试验研究结果给出了油田已建管道震害预测工作的评判依据,并为管道防腐研究提供了新线索。 相似文献
965.
966.
Fe(Ⅲ)水解过程中无机阴离子的影响作用 总被引:18,自引:5,他引:18
本文通过PO^3- 4,F^-,SO^2- 4,Cl^-,NO^- 3和ClO^- 4存在时,0.1mol/1 FeCl3溶液的碱中和曲线的分析对比,说明了用曲线斜率区分滴定曲线为三个区域:(A)自发水解反应;(B)聚合反应;(C)沉淀反应,以及阴离子对中和曲线的影响及其规律,指出阴子子对Fe(Ⅲ)浓度中和反应影响为不同程度的竞争配位,参与聚合及电中和脱稳,使沉淀反应提前等。并与OH^-共同形成F 相似文献
967.
Sorption of heavy metals to organic matter and mineral soil constituents can hardly be separated experimentally. Here we studied
the retention capacity of organic matter and minerals from soils in a long-term field experiment in which the organic carbon
content had been altered, but the mineral phase had remained constant over time. The sorption of Cu, Cd and Zn showed a non-additive
contribution of soil organic matter and minerals to the sorption capacity of soil. Sorption on organic matter exceeded mineral
sorption from 6 to 13 times. This is the first time that sorption to soil organic matter is quantified in bulk soils. 相似文献
968.
H.Y. Guo J.G. Zhu X.R. Wang Z.H. Wu Z. Zhang 《Environmental geochemistry and health》2004,26(2):209-219
The agricultural non-point source pollution by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loss from typical paddy soil (whitish soil, Bai Tu in Chinese) in the Taihu Lake region was investigated through a case study. Results shown that the net load of nutrients from white soil is 34.1 kg ha–1 for total nitrogen (TN), distributed as 19.4 kg ha–1, in the rice season and 14.7 kg ha–1in the wheat season, and for total phosphorus (TP) 1.75 kg ha–1, distributed as 1.16 kg ha–1 in the rice season and 0.58 kg ha–1 in the wheat season. The major chemical species of N loss is different in the two seasons. NH4-N is main the form in the rice season (53% of TN). NO3-N is the main form in wheat season (46% of TN). Particle-P is the main form in both seasons, (about 56% of TP). The nutrient loss varied with time of the year. The main loss of nutrients happened in the 10 days after planting, 64% of TN and 42% of TP loss, respectively. Rainfall and fertilizer application are the key factors which influence nitrogen and phosphorus loss from arable land, especially rainfall events shortly after fertilizer application. So it is very important to improve the field management of the nutrients and water during the early days of planting. 相似文献
969.
边坡绿化工程的设计与分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
周友生 《湖南环境生物职业技术学院学报》2003,9(3):212-214
为了满足现代城市绿化的要求,采用土工加筋材料进行城市高边坡挡墙设计.通过对青岛市银川西路东南侧边坡绿化实际工程的设计与分析,证明了该材料同时具有防护和绿化边坡的作用. 相似文献
970.
Roswitha?WiltschkoEmail author Wolfgang?Wiltschko 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2003,54(6):562-572
Pigeons were released at four release sites within the Gernsheim anomaly, a magnetic 'hill' with a peak 199 nT above the regional reference field and gentle 'slopes' to all sides, situated 44 km south of the Frankfurt loft. Local magnetic conditions at the sites differed in total intensity and in direction and steepness of the intensity gradient. At all sites, the pigeons were well oriented, showing counterclockwise deviations from the home directions that were most pronounced in the western part of the anomaly. There was no systematic difference in orientation behavior or homing performance between the sites within the anomaly and a control site outside. No effect of the local gradient direction was found, nor did the difference in intensity between home loft and the release site affect behavior. This argues against the use of magnetic navigational factors. However, pigeons released for the first time within the anomaly tended to have longer mean vectors with increasingly steeper gradients, which could mean that the birds might somehow have realized the anomalous nature of the local magnetic conditions and ignored them, relying on non-magnetic cues instead.Communicated by R. Gibson 相似文献