Thermal decomposition mechanism of 65% lysine sulfate powder and its thermal stability based on thermal analysis

Lysine is widely used in the fields of food, medicine and feed, which generally appears in the form of lysine sulfate or lysine hydrochloride dust because of the high instability of the free L-lysine. The L-lysine Sulfate is in high risk of decomposition, spontaneous ignition and even the dust explosion, because the control temperature in its production process is high up to 90 °C. Thus, the thermal behaviors and its thermal stability of 65% lysine sulfate are experimentally explored in Air and Nitrogen using the simultaneous TG-DSC measurements. Results show: (1) the decomposition of 65% lysine sulfate can be divided into three stages both in the atmospheres of air and nitrogen, and most of the weight loss occurred in the first two stages, which are related with the decarboxylation and deamination process. (2) The effects of atmosphere on the decomposition of 65% lysine sulfate mainly occur at the third stage. In this stage, the weight loss in nitrogen is only 14.2%, which is much lower than that in air (34.3%), which is related to the oxidative degradation at high temperature. Besides, the active energy is slightly increased in nitrogen compared to that in air. (3) The initial temperatures of the decomposition of the 65% lysine sulfate are 145 °C and 155 °C, for the air and nitrogen atmosphere, respectively, which are much lower than that (260 °C) of the pure lysine.     

Cancer and Non-Cancer Health Risk from Eating Cassava Grown in Some Mining Communities in Ghana

Food crops such as cassava, cocoyam and other tuber crops grown in mining communities uptake toxic or hazardous chemicals such as arsenic, and cadmium, from the soil. Cassava is a stable food for Ghanaians. This study evaluated human health risk from eating cassava grown in some mining communities in Ghana such as Bogoso, Prestea, Tarkwa and Tamso, which are important mining towns in the Western Region of Ghana. The study evaluated cancer and non-cancer health effects from eating cassava grown in the study areas in accordance with US Environmental Protection Agency’s Risk Assessment guidelines. The results of the study revealed the following: cancer health risk for Tamso, 0.098 (RME – Reasonable Maximum Exposure) and 0.082 (CTE – Central Tendency Exposure). This means that approximately 10 and 8 out of 100 resident adults are likely to suffer from cancer related cases by RME and CTE parameters respectively. For Prestea, we have 0.010 and 0.12, which also means that approximately 1 out of 100 and 10 resident adults out of 100 are also likely to suffer from cancer related diseases by RME and CTE parameters. The results of the study obtained were found to be above the acceptable cancer risk range of 1× 10⁻⁶ to 1× 10⁻⁴, i.e., 1 case of cancer out of 1 million or 100,000 people respectively.     

操作条件对超滤膜运行经济稳定性能的影响

采用正交实验的方法对棕榈油生产废水二级处理出水的超滤工艺条件进行考察和优化,并用膜通量衰减系数、平均跨膜压差及产水量各自加权相加所得综合指标来表征不同超滤操作条件下膜运行的经济稳定性能。正交试验结果表明,减小膜表面流速和产水率,提高处理废水温度均有利于系统经济稳定地运行;各运行参数对综合指标影响的大小顺序为:膜表面平均流速>产水率>温度;在保证出水质量的前提下,最佳组合操作条件为膜表面平均流速0.7m/s,产水率80%,废水温度30℃。     

美国AERMOD模型与中国大气导则推荐模型点源比较

介绍了美国AERMOD模型和中国大气导则推荐模型一般浓度公式,通过大气稳定度和扩散参数的确定、复杂地形处理和对流条件下污染物扩散等原理方面的比较认为,AERMOD模型优于大气导则推荐模型.以美国环境保护局(USEPA)2个试验场Clifty Creek(平坦地形)和Lovett(复杂地形)的数据资料为比较数据,分别用AERMOD模型和大气导则推荐模型计算SO₂小时质量浓度,在Pasquill 6类稳定度下用相对偏差(FB)、预测值与观测值的比率(RHC_R)及图形法(Q-Q图)等进行模型比较,结果表明:在RHC_R和FB中,AERMOD模型除个别值外,其他均好于大气导则推荐模型;而大气导则推荐模型存在接近或大于模型可靠性界限0.67(0.66和0.74),说明其可靠性比AERMOD模型差;图形法比较中,强不稳定和不稳定下AERMOD模型明显好于大气导则推荐模型,而大气导则推荐模型预测值明显偏低,其他稳定度下结果相差不大.研究认为:在平坦地形和复杂地形条件下,AERMOD模型点源预测值均优于大气导则推荐模型,并从原理上进行了解释.      

白泥复合衬层防渗稳定性的研究

为考察白泥复合防渗衬层的防渗稳定性和对污染物的阻滞去除能力,利用自制击实渗透仪对白泥和亚粘土防渗衬层进行了对比研究. 结果表明:白泥/亚粘土“夹层结构"复合衬层能保持低于国家防渗规范(10－7 cm/s)的防渗性,并对渗滤液中的重金属,COD_Cr和NH₄＋-N具有较强的阻滞去除能力,可以与常用的亚粘土防渗衬层相媲美,不过其淋滤出水ρ(Cl－)高,因此其长期防渗稳定性需进一步研究;60%白泥+40%亚粘土“混合式"复合衬层和白泥防渗衬层在渗滤液渗透作用下,其防渗性能不好,渗透系数超过国家防渗规范要求,因此不宜用于填埋场防渗.      

Biodegradation of phenol by free and immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD12

A new phenol-degrading bacterium with high biodegradation activity and high tolerance of phenol, strain PD 12, was isolated from the activated sludge of Tianjin Jizhuangzi Wastewater Treatment Facility in China. This strain was capable of removing 500 mg phenol/L in liquid minimal medium by 99.6% within 9 h and metabolizing phenol at concentrations up to 1100 mg/L. DNA sequencing and homologous analysis of 16S rRNA gene identified PD12 to be an Acinetobacter sp. Polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） was used as a gel matrix to immobilize Acinetobacter sp. strain PDI2 by repeated freezing and thawing. The factors affecting phenol degradation of immobilized cells were investigated, and the results showed that the immobilized cells could tolerate a high phenol level and protected the bacteria against changes in temperature and pH. Storage stability and reusability tests revealed that the phenol degradation functions of immobilized cells were stable after reuse for 50 times or storing at 4℃ for 50 d. These results indicate that immobilized Acinetobacter sp. strain PD 12 possesses a good application potential in the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater.     

三峡库区坡耕地利用与水土保持种植制

三峡库区耕地资源十分有限,且坡耕地占有相当大的比重,陡坡地多,在不良的耕作方式下肥力低下,水土流失十分严重在分析三峡库区自然条件与坡耕地资源特点的基础上,讨论了坡耕地种植制度与土壤侵蚀的关系,提出通过合理搭配作物种类进行多熟制间套作,一年生农作物与多年生经饲作物间作及农作物与木本植物等高间作等手段来建立坡耕地水土保持种植制,从而达到减轻土 蚀之目的。     

鄱阳湖水位-淹水面积关系不确定性的分析

湖泊淹水范围的时空变化特征往往决定了湖泊湿地的景观结构和功能。鄱阳湖是我国最大淡水湖,水位和淹水范围的季节变化悬殊,鄱阳湖淹水特征对研究鄱阳湖湿地生态系统的结构与功能都具有显著意义,过去很多研究关注鄱阳湖水位-淹水面积关系,不同的研究者得到的水位-淹水面积关系各有差异,表现出一定的不确定性。利用多时相的卫星遥感影像提取的鄱阳湖水面面积的基础上,结合鄱阳湖长时间序列的水位观测资料,探讨鄱阳湖水位-淹水面积关系不确定的原因。研究结果表明:(1)尽管鄱阳湖水面面积与水位表现分段线性关系,但在相同水位条件下,鄱阳湖水面面积表现出较大的不确定性;(2)鄱阳湖水位表现南高北低的空间异质性格局,随着水位增加,鄱阳湖水位的空间异质性降低,并且水面坡降具有季相性,相同水位下退水期的水面坡降大于涨水期的水面坡降;(3)受洲滩地形和"堑秋湖"渔业方式的影响,相同水位下退水期出露洲滩中子湖泊的水面范围大于涨水期中子湖泊水面范围;(4)此外,鄱阳湖采砂显著改变采沙场的湖盆地形,从而改变低水位下的主要采沙场的淹水范围。综上所述,鄱阳湖水位-淹水面积关系的不确定性除了受湖盆地形、"五河"来水、长江顶托等自然原因,还有采砂和堑秋湖渔业方式等人类活动的原因。     

Secondary arsenic minerals in the environment: A review

Information on arsenic (As) speciation in solid materials is critical for many environmental studies concerned with As stability and/or mobility in natural As-impacted soils and mining or industrial sites contaminated by As. The investigation of these systems has provided evidence for a number of secondary As minerals that have often played a significant role in As mobility in the solid phase–water system. This paper presents a list of environmentally important secondary As minerals in contaminated soil and waste systems, summarizes the information about their origin, occurrence, environmental stability and thermodynamics, and proposes several important avenues for further investigation.     

Structure and thermal stability of toxic chromium(VI) species doped onto TiO2 powders through heat treatment

Chromium(VI)-containing sorbents in the form of sludge or solid residue from treatment processes are often landfilled or used as fill materials, therefore the long-term stability of metal binding is important. The reduction of Cr(VI)–Cr(III) through heat treatment may be a useful detoxification method. After heating at 500, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C for 4 h, the transformation of chemical states of chromium on 105 °C-dried, 7.9% Cr(VI)-doped TiO₂ powders was studied on the basis of surface area measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra. It was shown that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in the Cr(VI)-doped samples after heating within 500–900 °C. The present results also suggested that the chromium octahedral was bridged to the titanium tetrahedral and was incorporated in TiO₂ minerals formed after 1000 °C treatment.