铬渣的长期稳定性试验研究

采用硫酸亚铁为还原剂，粉煤灰为添加剂对铬渣进行固化／稳定化处理，并通过冻融、碳化、模拟酸雨淋溶以及表面浸出实验研究了固化体的长期稳定性。冻融后固化体的质量损失小于1％，强度损失小于10％；碳化后其碳化深度在8mm～15mm之间；抗压强度均大于30Mpa，可用于建筑用途；六价铬的浸出毒性均低于国家标准的1．5mg／L：表明固化体长期稳定性良好，用于填埋，安全、可靠。     

流-固耦合作用下某尾矿库稳定性数值模拟研究

以南方某铀尾矿库为对象,利用COMSOL有限元软件开展某尾矿库在不同降雨强度下的稳定性分析。结果表明:在不同的降雨条件下,尾矿坝最先可能发生溃坝的是基岩与尾矿坝接触的尾端,其次是尾矿坝与基岩接触的地方。同时,随着降雨强度的增大,尾矿坝的稳定性也会随之下降,位移量会增大,溃坝的可能性也会变大。     

基于TruckSim的大型货物运输车辆安全运行纵坡最大长度研究*

为研究适用于典型大型货物运输车辆的道路纵坡及最大坡长参数,构建大型货物运输车辆动力学仿真模型,并考虑车辆冲坡行为及公路线形设计习惯,建立包含直线提速蓄能路段、以最小长度控制的竖曲线路段以及不同坡度纵坡路段组成的试验道路,对比分析设计速度120 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~3.0%,设计速度100 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~4.0%以及设计速度80 km/h、纵坡坡度1.0%~5.0%3种不同道路条件下,大型货物运输车辆在试验路段的运行速度变化规律。依据速度一致性原则,以大型货物运输车辆的运行速度衰减度作为控制指标,得到各设计速度道路不同纵坡路段对应的最大纵坡长度。结果表明:在保证纵坡路段满足最小长度要求的条件下,通过减小纵坡路段长度,增大竖曲线长度,可提高大型货物运输车辆纵坡路段通过性。     

Flammability hazard analysis of imidazolium-based ionic liquid binary mixtures under high temperatures

Ionic liquid (IL) mixtures are promising because they can optimize the involved properties according to industrial needs. It has already been demonstrated that IL flammability is due mainly to IL decomposition generating flammable substances. Four different ILs, 1-Butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BIM][BF₄]), 1-butylimidazolium nitrate ([BIM][NO₃]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate([BMIM][BF₄]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([BMIM][NO₃]), were selected as the parent salts to form the different imidazolium-based IL binary mixtures. These mixtures were tested via isothermal thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) at different temperatures (120, 150, 180, 210, and 240 °C), then tested by the flash point analyzer after isothermal heating pretreatment at the above temperatures. Results show that the mixtures' flash point values decrease with the heating temperature increase. Vaporization of the IL mixtures’ decomposition products results in a higher concentration of flammable gases and a flash point decrease, which lead to the flammability hazard increasing. Moreover, results show that the flash points of the studied binary imidazolium IL mixtures are more similar to those of the more unstable IL in their parent ILs. Also, the flammability hazard of IL binary mixtures may obviously increase under the high temperature environment for a long time.     

基于Hoek Brown强度准则深埋隧道掌子面稳定性分析*

为了研究孔隙水压力作用下深埋隧道掌子面的稳定性,构建了深埋盾构隧道的二维刚性有限平动多块体的破坏模式,并引入了Hoek Brown强度准则。利用极限分析得到掌子面前方土体的内部耗散能和外力做的功,利用Hoek Brown强度准则推导得到极限支护力的目标函数,通过MATLAB数值软件的规划求解得到支护力的解,和既有文献中的成果对比,2种方法得到解的最大误差为6.7%,验证了Hoek Brown强度准则的有效性。对各个岩体参数下深埋隧道掌子面极限支护力的变化规律进行分析,结果表明:深埋隧道掌子面前方的极限支护力随着扰动因子D和孔隙水压力系数ru的增大而增大,随着地质强度指标GSI和参数mi的增大而减小;破坏范围随着参数mi和孔隙水压力系数ru的增大而减小,而随着地质强度指标GSI和扰动因子D的增大而增大。研究结果可为岩质地层中深埋盾构隧道掌子面支护力的设计提供理论依据。     

考虑岩土体剪胀特性的边坡稳定性分析*

为考虑岩土体剪胀特性对边坡稳定性的影响,基于非关联流动法则,利用等效内摩擦角的概念对原抗剪强度参数进行修正,以修正后的等效参数c*,φ*探讨剪胀角对岩土体强度的影响,结合传统强度折减法以及基于临界曲线的双系数折减法,求解基于修正后等效参数计算的边坡安全系数,并给出安全系数的取值方法。结果表明:采用等效参数来考虑剪胀角的影响是可行的;随剪胀角的增大安全系数增大,且增长速度变缓,剪胀角在0~25°范围内对安全系数的影响显著,在实际工程计算中需要考虑剪胀角对边坡稳定性的影响;基于临界曲线的双系数折减法可较为直观地体现出剪胀角的影响程度,在研究剪胀角对边坡稳定性的影响时可采用此方法进行分析。     

臭氧监测仪实验室校准及稳定性测试

以国内监测系统在用的臭氧校准仪为二级传递标准对臭氧监测仪开展了实验室校准,通过计算单次校准所得校准曲线的斜率和截距,符合中国相关标准中关于臭氧监测仪的校准指标:多点校准所得校准曲线的斜率为0.95~1.05,截距为-5~5 nmol/mol。进一步对2台臭氧监测仪进行了稳定性测试,12个月内臭氧监测仪的斜率变化为0.976 05~1.008 42,截距变化为-0.669 00~0.577 93 nmol/mol,臭氧监测仪的斜率、截距均符合臭氧监测仪校准指标的要求。稳定性测试表明,TF 49i型臭氧监测仪和EC 9810型臭氧监测仪经校准后均可用于实验室内臭氧标准传递比对工作。实验中臭氧监测仪更换臭氧涤除器、仪器零件后校准曲线的斜率均有明显变化,建议更换耗材后需采用高浓度臭氧对臭氧监测仪进行饱和并再次校准。     

基于Mogi-Coulomb强度准则的井壁稳定性力学分析新方法*

传统井壁坍塌失稳分析模型是基于M-C破坏准则而建立的,该方法忽略了中间主应力对岩石强度的影响,常使得预测的钻井液密度过于保守。为此,引入考虑中间主应力的Mg-C破坏准则建立任意井眼的井壁稳定性评价新模型,通过数值模拟法分析了不同地应力状态下的井斜角和方位角对井壁稳定性的影响。研究结果表明: Mg-C准则克服了M-C准则忽略中间主应力低估岩石强度的影响,其计算结果略低于M-C准则的计算结果,有助于提高钻速,降低钻井成本;正断层地应力状态时,沿最小水平主应力方向钻进时,井壁稳定性最好;走滑断层地应力状态时,沿最大与最小水平主应力之间的某一临界角钻进时井壁最稳定;逆断层地应力状态时,沿最大水平主应力方向钻进时井壁最稳定;该模型有助于指导现场钻井井眼轨迹的优化设计及安全施工。     

深部采场进路开采顶板稳定性分析与支护设计

为降低深部矿体开采中冒顶事故的发生概率,确保井下安全开采,采用Q系统分级法、RMR岩体分类和BQ分级法对矿区岩体进行质量评价,结合块体理论和三维有限元分析进路开挖后顶板的稳定性。研究表明:部分岩体在进路开挖后顶板处出现较大拉应力集中,抗拉稳定性降低,极有可能出现冒顶事故。针对这类不稳定岩体,提出永久巷道采用锚喷支护,临时巷道采用锚杆穿带支护;并运用悬吊理论、组合梁理论、屈服强度理论和安全系数法分析支护条件下进路顶板的稳定性,优化支护结构参数。通过振弦式锚杆应力计收集现场未支护巷道与支护巷道轴向力,得出该支护设计对开挖后岩体变形起到了明显改善作用。     

Evaluating the Slope‐Area Method to Accurately Identify Stream Channel Heads in Three Physiographic Regions

Estimation of stream channel heads is an important task since ephemeral channels play a significant role in the transport of sediment and materials to perennial streams. The slope‐area method utilizes digital elevation model (DEM) and related information to develop slope‐area threshold relationships used to estimate the position of channel heads in the watershed. A total of 162 stream channel heads were mapped across the three physiographic regions of Alabama, including the Southwestern Appalachians (51), Piedmont/Ridge and Valley (61), and Coastal Plains (51). Using Geographic Information System and DEM, the local slope and drainage area for each mapped channel head was calculated and region‐specific models were developed and evaluated. Results demonstrated the local slope and drainage area had an inverse and strong correlation in the Piedmont/Ridge and Valley region (r² = 0.71) and the Southwestern Appalachian region (r² = 0.61). Among three physiographic regions, the weakest correlation was observed in the Coastal Plain region (r² = 0.45). By comparing the locations of modeled channel heads to those located in the field, calculated reliability and sensitivity indices indicated model accuracy and reliance were weak to moderate. However, the slope‐area method helped define the upstream boundaries of a more detailed channel network than that derived from the 1:24,000‐scale National Hydrography Dataset, which is commonly used for planning and regulatory purposes.