我国耕地面积重心及耕地生态背景质量的动态变化

基于中国环境资源数据库及对中国耕地面积１０年变化研究的基础，采用重心模型方法，通过计算两个时期的耕地面积重心，得出中国耕地面积重心１０年向西北移动了２８．３３７７ｋｍ，尔后，在耕地生态背景质量模糊评价的基础上，生成耕地生态背景质量指数，利用此指数计算出耕地重心的移动所导致的中国耕地质量下降２．５２％的定量化数值。     

耕地总量动态平衡的监测和预警研究

耕地总量动态平衡战略的终极目的是保障粮食安全,使得存量耕地的产出能力总量及其人均水平只能增加不能下降。由于耕地占补质量差异的存在,在监测耕地系统数量增减的同时,应警戒其质量升降超过临界值的时空范围和危险程度,才能全面反映耕地系统的状态。耕地质量的监测必须与各等级耕地面积的动态变化监测结合起来。耕地分等定级、耕地质量动态变化和耕地总量动态平衡监测体系的研究应有统一的指标体系和技术方案,才能解决耕地占补质量平衡中“占一补几”的操作难题。论文在耕地占补的定位监测和基于耕地基础地力指数的耕地地力等级划分基础上,对耕地总量动态平衡进行了预警分析。     

Ecological Effectiveness of Agri-Environment Schemes in Different Agricultural Landscapes in The Netherlands

Abstract:  Agri-environment schemes are an instrument used by western European countries to counteract the negative effects of contemporary agriculture on biodiversity, but not much is known about their effectiveness. We investigated the ecological effects of Dutch agri-environment schemes aimed at promoting botanical diversity or meadow birds, and we tested whether the effectiveness of the schemes depends on landscape type or structure. In three different types of landscape, we surveyed plants, birds, bees, and hover flies on 78 paired fields that either had agri-environment schemes or were managed conventionally, and we collected data on a range of different environmental variables. Neither plant species richness nor abundance of meadow birds was higher on fields with agri-environment schemes. Landscape type had a significant effect on both species groups, but the effects of the schemes were independent of landscape type. Neither the diversity of plants nor the abundance of birds was related to any of the environmental variables. Agri-environment schemes designed to promote plant species richness or bird abundance did have positive side-effects because they enhanced the species richness of bees and hover flies, irrespective of the type of landscape. Furthermore, landscape type, groundwater level (hover flies), and area of wooded edges (bees) significantly affected both species groups. The failure of the schemes to promote the target species may be related to the high intensity of land use in The Netherlands. Simple conservation measures taken by farmers may not be sufficient to counteract the impact of factors that are often controlled at the landscape level (e.g., hydrology). Similar studies in other countries are needed to place the results of our study into a European context.     

Land use change in California,USA: Nonpoint source water quality impacts

California’s population increased 25% between 1980 and 1990, resulting in rapid and extensive urbanization. Of a total 123,000 ha urbanized in 42 of the state’s 58 counties between 1984 and 1990, an estimated 13% occurred on irrigated prime farmland, and 48% on wildlands or fallow marginal farmlands. Sixty-six percent of all new irrigated farmland put into production between 1984 and 1990 was of lesser quality than the prime farmland taken out of production by urbanization. Factors dictating the agricultural development of marginal farmlands include the availability and price of water and land, agricultural commodity prices, and technical innovations such as drip irrigation systems that impact the feasibility and costs of production. The increasing amount of marginal farmland being put into production could have significant water quality consequences because marginal lands are generally steeper, have more erodible soils, poorer drainage, and require more fertilizer than prime farmlands. Although no data exist to test our hypothesis, and numerous variables preclude definitive predictions, the evidence suggests that new irrigated marginal lands can increase nonpoint source (NPS) pollution for a given size area by an order of magnitude in some cases.     

涪陵地区农田径流水体中三氮含量及分布特征

本文在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农田径流水样品，测定了径流水体中的三氮含量。探讨了径流水体三氮随产流时间的变化，分析了干旱时间，水体流动等因素对三氮含量的影响。结果表明，干旱时间，径流水体流动对三氮含量有一定的影响。经统计分析，涪陵地区农田径流水体中的ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ，ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ和Ｔ－Ｎ含量分别为０．８４０，０．９７０，０．１０７和２．０７ｍｇ／ｌ。     

土地登记与土地可持续利用--以农地为例

产权是影响农地可持续利用的重要因素，土地登记是确保产权安全的正式制度安排。本文建立了一个理论框架来分析土地登记与农地可持续利用的关系。在微观层次上，土地登记保障土地产权的安全，从而激发农民投资的积极性，使农民能够获得必须的信贷资金。而土地市场的发育又提高了土地资产的流动性，进一步增强了农民的投资积极性。在宏观层次上，土地登记所提供的信息是政府规划控制和用途管制的基础。文章分析了我国农村土地登记制度存在的问题，并以作者在江西省鹰潭、上饶地区的调查数据验证了土地登记对农户土地保护行为的积极影响。作者认为为发挥土地登记的效益，我国应尽快设立统一机构开展农村土地登记，并促进农村土地市场和土地抵押贷款市场的发展。     

我国耕地资源流失原因的深层剖析与政策建议

我国是一个人多地少,且农业人口占70%的国家,保护和利用好在相当长的时期内都难以替代的耕地资源意义十分重大。本文分析了我国耕地资源保护所面临的严峻形势,分别从农地产权制度、征地制度、管理体制、农村土地市场等方面揭示了耕地大量占用的深层原因,提出了相应的对策措施与政策建议。     

我国典型电子废弃物拆解地农田土壤中的多溴联苯醚

选择我国主要电子垃圾拆解地清远龙塘-石角地区作为研究区,以14种多溴联苯醚(Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,PBDEs)化合物为研究对象,探讨了PBDEs化合物在龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中的含量、同系物组成及空间分布状况,分析了土壤TOC、土地利用方式(水旱轮作)等对农田土壤PBDEs含量特征的影响.结果表明,清远龙塘-石角地区农田土壤中14种PBDEs化合物的总量平均为(19.0±20.1)ng·g-1(以干重计),明显低于来自路边、拆解中心、居民区等表土中的PBDEs含量.研究区农田土壤中PBDEs的空间分布与土壤TOC呈现出一致性特征,当去除TOC的影响后,作为点源的电子垃圾拆解地成为土壤PBDEs分布的关键控制因素.水旱轮作的土地利用方式下,在一个轮作周期内,当轮作为水稻且土壤处于淹水状态时土壤中的PBDEs含量最低.总体来看,农田土壤中的PBDEs动态受土壤水含量、作物种植情况、土壤水旱状态等多因素的综合影响,表现出不确定的变化特征.本文的研究成果对土壤-作物系统PBDEs的行为研究进行了补充,并可为完善现有的土地质量评估体系提供基础资料.     

Mapping opportunities and challenges for rewilding in Europe

Farmland abandonment takes place across the world due to socio‐economic and ecological drivers. In Europe agricultural and environmental policies aim to prevent abandonment and halt ecological succession. Ecological rewilding has been recently proposed as an alternative strategy. We developed a framework to assess opportunities for rewilding across different dimensions of wilderness in Europe. We mapped artificial light, human accessibility based on transport infrastructure, proportion of harvested primary productivity (i.e., ecosystem productivity appropriated by humans through agriculture or forestry), and deviation from potential natural vegetation in areas projected to be abandoned by 2040. At the continental level, the levels of artificial light were low and the deviation from potential natural vegetation was high in areas of abandonment. The relative importance of wilderness metrics differed regionally and was strongly connected to local environmental and socio‐economic contexts. Large areas of projected abandonment were often located in or around Natura 2000 sites. Based on these results, we argue that management should be tailored to restore the aspects of wilderness that are lacking in each region. There are many remaining challenges regarding biodiversity in Europe, but megafauna species are already recovering. To further potentiate large‐scale rewilding, Natura 2000 management would need to incorporate rewilding approaches. Our framework can be applied to assessing rewilding opportunities and challenges in other world regions, and our results could guide redirection of subsidies to manage social‐ecological systems.     

珠江河口地区农田水体N、P污染研究

以张松村和万顷沙十五涌的农田水渠为研究对象,根据水系分布情况设置采样点,分析N﹑P在渠系中的时空变化规律.结果表明,农田水渠水体N、P平均浓度高于附近河涌及珠江河道.两个研究区中TN、NH4+-N浓度沿着排水水流方向总体上有逐渐减小的趋势,而NO3--N浓度逐渐增大.万顷沙十五涌农田水渠TP沿着排水水流方向逐渐减小,而张松村的变化无明显规律. Spearman相关分析结果显示,张松村农田水渠TN与NH4+-N、TP、CODcr呈显著性正相关;NH4+-N与NO3--N呈负相关;万顷沙十五涌农田水渠TN与NH4+-N、TP、NO3--N和CODcr呈显著性正相关.该研究可为珠江河口地区水环境保护和农业面源污染治理提供参考依据.