旱作小麦─玉米垅种沟盖地膜带田集水调水与增产效应研究

旱作垅种（小麦）沟盖（玉米）地膜带田优于目前推广的沟种（小麦）垅盖（玉米）带田种植形式。在作物共生期相互调水作用更趋合理，平衡了小麦、玉米不同生育阶段对水分的供需矛盾，作物的生态条件更加适宜，群体结构更加协调，提高了作物的生产量，前者比后者增产９０％～１２５％。     

耕地总量动态平衡的监测和预警研究

耕地总量动态平衡战略的终极目的是保障粮食安全,使得存量耕地的产出能力总量及其人均水平只能增加不能下降。由于耕地占补质量差异的存在,在监测耕地系统数量增减的同时,应警戒其质量升降超过临界值的时空范围和危险程度,才能全面反映耕地系统的状态。耕地质量的监测必须与各等级耕地面积的动态变化监测结合起来。耕地分等定级、耕地质量动态变化和耕地总量动态平衡监测体系的研究应有统一的指标体系和技术方案,才能解决耕地占补质量平衡中“占一补几”的操作难题。论文在耕地占补的定位监测和基于耕地基础地力指数的耕地地力等级划分基础上,对耕地总量动态平衡进行了预警分析。     

吉林省农田景观动态与农业自然灾害相互关系研究

分别从作物生境、作物形态和作物种类角度分析吉林省近50a的农田景观动态变化情况,结合农业旱灾、水灾、风雹灾、霜冻灾害和作物病虫害成灾面积动态变化和各种农业自然灾害的成灾面积与受灾面积比的变化趋势,探讨农田景观动态与农业自然灾害的相互关系,指出农田景观生态多样性的降低是农业自然灾害频繁和灾损增加的一个主要原因。为了减轻自然灾害的损失,农业生产布局多样化是今后发展的方向。     

Spatial and Seasonal Patterns of Bird Communities in Italian Agroecosystems

Abstract:  Despite agricultural landscapes covering almost 60% of the total land area of Italy, knowledge of the effects of agriculture and its intensification on bird communities is still scarce. I analyzed the effects of land uses on bird diversity and community structure in different farmland habitats of lowland northwestern Italy. I surveyed breeding and overwintering birds with a hierarchically nested sampling design and used generalized linear and mixed models to investigate the relationships between the diversity and abundance of birds and habitat or landscapes attributes. The effects of agriculture on α avian diversity varied with season and spatial scale, whereas nonagricultural habitats (long-term fallows or woodlands) had a generally positive effect that was constant throughout time and space. As the amount of woodland habitat increased, spatial turnover (β diversity) of breeding birds decreased. Arable landscapes supported low levels of avian diversity throughout the year but were favored by emblematic farmland birds that have declined severely in Europe and in the study area. Farmland birds (40% of which are experiencing population declines) were more abundant or foraged more frequently in the less-disturbed habitat types such as fallows, grasslands, and winter stubbles and tended to avoid the prevailing cultivations (maize, vineyard, and wheat). Landscape simplification, the expansion of maize cultivation, winter plowing practices, and the conversion of highly diverse grasslands to tilled lands are likely to be responsible for the local decline of most farmland species (Skylark [Alauda arvensis ], Starling [Sturnus vulgaris ], buntings [Emberiza spp.], and wagtails [Motacilla spp.]) and for the increase of birds that are turning into agricultural pests (Hooded Crow [Corvus corone cornix ]).     

农田杂草种子库研究综述

农田杂草的生长明显地依赖于活动种子库。文章综述了国内外农田杂草种子库的研究进展,主要分析了除草方式、耕作方式以及农作方式对农田杂草种子库的影响。现有的研究表明,化学与机械结合的防治措施能更好地控制杂草;免耕使分布在土壤表层的种子比例提高;有机栽培体系下杂草种子库最大。最后,提出了国内在该领域中的研究方向。     

典型废旧塑料再生基地周边农田土壤中PAHs污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解废旧塑料再生行业对周边农田土壤环境的影响，在莱州市废旧塑料再生基地内部及周边农田采集22个土壤样品，利用高效液相色谱法对样品中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）含量进行了检测，并对其污染特征及健康风险进行了分析.结果表明，基地周边农田土壤中16种PAHs总含量为60.50~303.48 μg·kg^-1，除?（Chr）、二苯并（a，h）蒽（DahA）外，其余组分的检出率均为100%.萘（Nap）、苊烯（Acy）、苊（Ace）为主要组分，分别占总量的49.57%、21.32%、14.95%.参考Maliszewska-Kordybach的土壤PAHs污染程度划分方法，仅有22.73%样品达到轻微污染且集中于基地内部.在空间分布上，基地内部农田土壤中PAHs含量显著高于外部，总体表现为距基地越远，农田土壤中PAHs含量越低.基地内部各采样点PAHs的构成具有相似性，主要以低环芳烃为主，占PAHs总量的89.56%以上，表明基地内部农田土壤有相对固定的PAHs来源.主成分分析法共提取到3个主成分，表明基地周边农田土壤中的PAHs主要与燃煤、生物质燃烧以及废旧塑料焚烧有关.健康风险评估表明，成人和儿童对PAHs的暴露风险主要通过呼吸途径，儿童的暴露剂量均高于成人，但非致癌及致癌风险水平均在可接受范围.     

煤矿开采沉陷对耕地永续利用的影响分析

本文结合开采沉陷学和环境土壤学的理论，详细分析了煤炭开采造成的地面沉陷对耕地永续利用的影响，将有助于人们提高认识，组织开展沉陷地复垦利用，促进矿区耕地永续利用。     

畜牧场污染治理排污现状及其防治对策

文章总结了上海大中型畜禽物场现有污染治理方式主要是工程治理和还田，主要手段有产沼、沉淀、曝气、厌氧发酵、好氧发酵和氧化塘（沟）等。现有治理设施正常运行率为66.7%。CODcrBOD5和NH3-N超标率分别为66.7%、58.3%和66.7%。沉淀池一氧化塘法对污染物具有较高的削减率。畜禽污染治理应向系统化方向发展。     

粮食增产寄希望于中低产田改造

广东省增加粮食产量的关键是提高单产，改造中低产田是提高单产的最有效途径．本文回顾了一年来广东省农建改低的工作，指出今后应进一步提高认识，高标准搞好农田基本建设，为广东农业实现现代化打下坚实的基础．为搞好农田基本建设，必须切实加强领导．有计划有步骤地认真做好各方面的工作．     

Ecological Effectiveness of Agri-Environment Schemes in Different Agricultural Landscapes in The Netherlands

Abstract:  Agri-environment schemes are an instrument used by western European countries to counteract the negative effects of contemporary agriculture on biodiversity, but not much is known about their effectiveness. We investigated the ecological effects of Dutch agri-environment schemes aimed at promoting botanical diversity or meadow birds, and we tested whether the effectiveness of the schemes depends on landscape type or structure. In three different types of landscape, we surveyed plants, birds, bees, and hover flies on 78 paired fields that either had agri-environment schemes or were managed conventionally, and we collected data on a range of different environmental variables. Neither plant species richness nor abundance of meadow birds was higher on fields with agri-environment schemes. Landscape type had a significant effect on both species groups, but the effects of the schemes were independent of landscape type. Neither the diversity of plants nor the abundance of birds was related to any of the environmental variables. Agri-environment schemes designed to promote plant species richness or bird abundance did have positive side-effects because they enhanced the species richness of bees and hover flies, irrespective of the type of landscape. Furthermore, landscape type, groundwater level (hover flies), and area of wooded edges (bees) significantly affected both species groups. The failure of the schemes to promote the target species may be related to the high intensity of land use in The Netherlands. Simple conservation measures taken by farmers may not be sufficient to counteract the impact of factors that are often controlled at the landscape level (e.g., hydrology). Similar studies in other countries are needed to place the results of our study into a European context.