污泥龄对高浓度含氮废水亚硝化稳定性的影响研究

为考察污泥龄与高浓度含氮废水亚硝化稳定性之间的关系,采用连续进水、间歇排水SBR工艺,当水力停留时间为0.75 d,污泥停留时间为3 d时,系统亚硝化率约为75%和氨氮降解率约为60%。试验结果证明SRT控制在一定范围内能实现对硝酸菌的"洗出",使亚硝酸菌占据系统中的优势地位,从而保证了系统较高的亚硝化率。     

厌氧污泥对萘和联苯吸附性能实验

以联苯和萘为研究目标,分别进行了厌氧污泥对这两种有机物单独及混合存在条件下的吸附试验,并考察了双模式模型(分配作用加表面吸附)对厌氧污泥吸附有机物的适用性.研究发现,联苯或萘单独存在时,厌氧污泥对其吸附的实验结果与双模式模型基本吻合;当两种物质同时存在时,实验结果表明在竞争溶质浓度较低的情况下,较低浓度联苯和萘没有表现出明显的竞争作用.此外,还考察了高含盐量对厌氧污泥吸附萘及联苯性能的影响,发现含盐量对其影响不显著,双模式模型在高含盐量的情况下仍然适用.     

AB工艺减少污泥重金属的效果

在AB工艺中,利用A段活性吸附去除重金属从而降低B段污泥中重金属含量,使其达到农用标准（GB4284-84酸性土壤控制标准）。利用小型污水处理实验场,模拟研究了AB工艺A段中重金属的去除情况,对AB运行控制参数进行优化探讨,以使A段能有效去除大部分重金属,并尽可能降低有毒有害污泥产量。结果表明：溶解氧质量浓度控制在0.5mg·L-1,污泥质量浓度调节为约500mg·L-1时,Cu2＋去除率可达87.6%,Zn2＋的去除率为78.7%,Ni2＋去除率为51%。当污泥质量浓度在1000～1500mg·L-1时,A段处理后污泥沉降性能好转,对重金属离子的去除有较好的效果,且不过多截留污水中的有机物。且B段剩余污泥中的Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ni2＋含量都基本达到酸性土壤污泥农用控制标准。因此,适当控制AB工艺相关参数条件,利用A段活性污泥去除大部分重金属,降低B段产泥中重金属含量,达到农业控制标准是可行的,污泥经处理后进行土地资源化利用可成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

有机肥与化肥的生产能耗、投入成本和环境效益比较分析——以污泥堆肥生产有机肥为例

针对目前国内肥料生产和施用现状,分别从能耗、成本和污染物排放等三个方面对有机肥和化肥进行比较分析。化肥生产呈现高能耗和高污染排放,而有机肥则表现为低能耗、无污染的特点,同时还可消纳废弃物,减轻污染负荷。从投入成本上分析,化肥相对于有机肥具有一定优势,其单位面积和折纯养分投入分别是有机肥的53%和26%。有机肥相对于化肥,其污染物排放负荷很低。从节能减排和降低投入的角度,提出支持基于废弃物资源化的有机肥产业化发展。     

活性炭辅助微波热解污泥反应条件的试验研究

针对微波不能直接实现原污水污泥高温热解的问题,采用活性炭作为微波能吸收物质辅助污泥热解。对影响污泥热解效能的3个主要因素：污泥样品量、活性炭掺杂量和微波辐射功率,各做了3个水平的考察,得到了试验条件下的最优方案：污泥样品量30g、活性炭掺杂量6g、微波辐射功率1200W。结果表明：在最优试验方案下,污泥能在7min内升至920℃的高温,实现污泥快速、高效热解。通过分析3个因素对污泥热解效能的影响,进一步对最优试验方案下的固体产物吸收微波的性能及用其作为掺杂物辅助微波热解污水污泥的可行性进行了研究,结果表明：固体残渣吸收微波性能良好,可以代替活性炭作为更经济、高效的污泥微波热解辅助材料。     

Biosorption of Cr(III) from aqueous solution by freeze-dried activated sludge: Equilibrium,kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Batch biosorption experiments were conducted to remove Cr(III) from aqueous solutions using activated sludge from a sewage treatment plant. An investigation was conducted on the effects of the initial pH, contact time, temperature, and initial Cr(III) concentration in the biosorption process. The results revealed that the activated sludge exhibited the highest Cr(III) uptake capacity (120 mg·g⁻¹) at 45°C, initial pH of 4, and initial Cr(III) concentration of 100 mg·L⁻¹. The biosorption results obtained at various temperatures showed that the biosorption pattern accurately followed the Langmuir model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters, ΔG^o (−0.8– −4.58 kJ·mol⁻¹), ΔH^o (15.6–44.4 kJ·mol⁻¹), and ΔS^o (0.06–0.15 kJ·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹) clearly indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, endothermic, and physical. The pseudo first-order and second-order kinetic models were adopted to describe the experimental data, which revealed that the Cr(III) biosorption process conformed to the second-order rate expression and the biosorption rate constants decreased with increasing Cr(III) concentration. The analysis of the values of biosorption activation energy (E_a = −7 kJ·mol⁻¹) and the intra-particle diffusion model demonstrated that Cr(III) biosorption was film-diffusion-controlled.     

Human Performance Cognitive-Behavioral Modeling: A Benefit for Occupational Safety

Human Performance Modeling (HPM) is a computer-aided job analysis software methodology used to generate predictions of complex humanautomation integration and system flow patterns with the goal of improving operator and system safety. The use of HPM tools has recently been increasing due to reductions in computational cost, augmentations in the tool’s fidelity, and usefulness in the generated output. An examination of an Air Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (Air MIDAS) model evaluating complex human-automation integration currently underway at NASA Ames Research Center will highlight the importance to occupational safety of considering both cognitive and physical aspects of performance when researching human error.     

A Study of Computer-Based Task Performance Under Thermal Stress

A visual-visual dual computer task was designed to test the effect of the thermal environment on dual task performance. The temperatures selected for testing were 20 and 35 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). 34 volunteers were randomly assigned to 1 of the 2 temperature conditions. Individual differences in single task performance were controlled by equating the baselines of single task performance. Once individual differences in single task capacity were controlled, statistically significant differences in performance were demonstrated. Mean accuracy was computed over a 1-hr testing period in each temperature condition. Participants’ mean accuracy in the 35° condition (38.18%) was substantially lower than in the 20° condition (50.88%).     

The Influence of Anchor Devices on the Performance of Retractable Type Fall Arresters Protecting Against Falls From a Height

Retractable type fall arresters are part of the equipment used for protecting people against falls from a height. They are an intermediate part between full body harness worn by a man and the structural anchor at the worksite. The most important task of retractable type fall arresters is to arrest people’s falls and to reduce their harmful consequences. Information received from users as well as laboratories testing protective equipment indicates that the performance of such equipment is incorrect under specific conditions. The paper is concerned with an analysis of the conditions in which retractable type fall arresters demonstrate intermittent performance and with an explanation of that phenomenon. The results of tests investigating anchor devices and the performance of retractable type fall arresters are presented. External and internal factors contributing to intermittent performance have been determined and guidelines for safer use of these devices have been developed.     

Participative Versus Assigned Production Standard Setting in a Repetitive Industrial Task: A Strategy for Improving Worker Productivity

Abstract

The participative standard with feedback condition was superior to the assigned difficult (140% of normal) standard with feedback condition in terms of worker productivity. The percentage increase in worker productivity with the participative standard and feedback condition was 46%, whereas the increase in the assigned difficult standard with feedback was 23%, compared to the control group (no standard, no feedback). Worker productivity also Improved significantly as a result of assigning a normal (100%) production standard with feedback, compared to the control group, and the increase was 12%. The participative standard with feedback condition emerges as the optimum strategy for improving worker productivity in a repetitive industrial production task.