金属氧化物降解六氯苯的活性比较及催化机理研究

以氧化铝(α-Al_2O_3、γ-Al_2O_3)、氧化钙(CaO)、过渡金属氧化物(Mn O_2、α-Fe_2O_3、γ-Fe_2O_3、Ni_2O_3、CuO)为催化剂,考察了催化剂种类、添加比例等因素对六氯苯(Hexachlorobenzene,HCB)降解效果和产物组分的影响.结果表明,催化效果随催化剂添加比例的提高显著增加.在反应温度为350℃,反应时间1 h,金属氧化物添加比例为100∶1的条件下,碱土金属氧化物CaO及过渡金属氧化物中的α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3降解活性较好,这3种氧化物对HCB的降解率分别达到65.5%、100.0%和100.0%,脱氯率D_1分别为54.4%、81.9%和77.5%.HCB降解有机产物分析结果显示,8种金属氧化物与HCB样品反应产物中均存在低氯代苯,在α-Fe_2O_3和Ni_2O_3的催化作用下有2~4氯代低氯苯检出,说明在降解过程中存在明显的逐级脱氯/加氢反应;与CaO反应后的产物中低氯代苯较少,经拉曼光谱定性分析,有无序碳的检出,说明除了脱氯/加氢还存在脱氯缩合反应.     

掺杂聚乙烯醇的壳聚糖小球对铜离子-腐殖酸的单一和连续吸附行为

以三聚磷酸钠作为离子交联剂,合成了一种掺杂聚乙烯醇的壳聚糖小球,采用SEM和FTIR表征了小球的表面性能及官能团分布情况,进一步研究了这种小球对腐殖酸和铜离子的单独吸附行为、连续吸附行为及两者共存状态下的吸附行为,并通过XPS能谱分析了吸附过程的机理.结果表明:在单独吸附过程中,壳聚糖小球与腐殖酸和铜的作用方式主要是通过静电引力和络合作用;在连续吸附过程中,先吸附了腐殖酸的小球,后续对铜离子的吸附效果变弱;而先吸附了铜离子的小球,后续对腐殖酸的吸附能力变强,说明这种小球在吸附过程中可以被连续使用.而在腐殖酸和铜离子共存的吸附实验中发现,壳聚糖小球除了会吸附溶液中的铜离子和腐殖酸外,还导致它们的聚集沉降.     

基于多年遥感数据分析长江河口海岸带湿地变化及其驱动因子

研究河口海岸带湿地长时间演变对湿地保护管理和海岸带资源评估具有重要意义.本文获取长江口1979—2015年10景Landsat-MSS/TM/OLI影像和2015年13景GF1-PMS高空间分辨率数据,对比两个典型实验区分类算法,选用最优的决策树算法应用到长江口Landsat影像中,得到沿岸湿地要素近40年的面积变化情况.研究表明,2015年长江河口海岸带湿地总面积为4725 km2,自然湿地占63.5%,人工湿地占21.2%,湿地总面积相比1979年增加了662 km2,自然湿地面积减少了163 km2,而人工湿地面积增加了766 km2.长江口自然湿地面积在1979—2000年减少幅度较大,2000年后由于保护管理加强而减少幅度变小;人工湿地和建筑面积增加较为明显,主要是由于大型水库的修建和人工鱼塘开发及港口建设.湿地总的变化趋势为河口区不断淤积,自然湿地转变为人工湿地,人工湿地转变为建筑用地等非湿地;其中,滩涂面积减少283 km2,水库、养殖鱼塘和水稻田面积分别增加了92、355和319 km2,主要发生在崇明东滩和启东沿岸;非湿地中建筑用地面积增加154 km2,灌木草场面积减少147 km2,主要发生在上海和启东沿岸.同时比较分析长江口3个区域湿地驱动因子发现,北岸启东沿岸和南岸南汇东滩湿地因经济快速发展和港口水利工程修建,以及过度开垦滩涂等自然湿地使人工湿地增加明显;而长江上游径流量、区域降水和海平面上涨等自然因素控制着中支河道区(如崇明东滩)自然湿地的变化.     

影响脱硫塔性能的因素分析与研究

湿法烟气脱硫是成熟且具有较好发展前景的工艺,其中关键是对脱硫塔的选择及通过各项参数的控制达到良好的脱硫效率.通过对脱硫塔酸碱度(PH)、气液比(L/G)、流场特性、结垢等各种性能进行分析研究,对脱硫塔的选择和实际运行具有一定的指导意义.     

Ni/Fe二元金属在氯代有机物污染治理中的应用

对Ni/Fe二元金属表面特性、在氯代有机物还原脱氯中的应用以及还原机理的研究概况进行了综述,并讨论了实际应用中存在的问题和发展前景.     

小型露天采石场爆破作业安全评价方法的探讨

应用安全检查表、事故树、作业条件危险性分析等方法对露天小型采石场爆破作业进行了分析评价,找出了导致爆破作业事故发生的可能因素及可采用的预防途径,为小型露天爆破作业事故的预防提供有益参考.     

Effect of humic substances on the precipitation of calcium phosphate

For phosphorus （P） recovery from wastewater, the effect of humic substances （HS） on the precipitation of calcium phosphate was studied. Batch experiments of calcium phosphate precipitation were undertaken with synthetic water that contained 20 mg/L phosphate （as P） and 20 mg/L HS （as dissolved organic carbon, DOC） at a constant pH value in the range of 8.0-10.0. The concentration variations of phosphate, calcium （Ca） and HS were measured in the precipitation process; the crystalline state and compositions of the precipitates were analysed by powder X-ray diffraction （XRD） and chemical methods, respectively. It showed that at solution pH 8.0, the precipitation rate and removal efficiency of phosphate were greatly reduced by HS, but at solution pH ≥9.0, the effect of HS was very small. The Ca consumption for the precipitation of phosphate increased when HS was added; HS was also removed from solution with the precipitation of calcium phosphate. At solution pH 8.0 and HS concentrations ≤3.5 mg/L, and at pH ≥ 9.0 and HS concentrations ≤ 10 mg/L, the final precipitates were proved to be hydroxyapatite （HAP） by XRD. The increases of solution pH value and initial Ca/P ratio helped reduce the influence of HS on the precipitation of phosphate.     

Enhanced triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) degradation through application of an O3/UV process: Performance optimization and degradation pathways

• UV/O₃ process had higher TAIC mineralization rate than O₃ process. • Four possible degradation pathways were proposed during TAIC degradation. • pH impacted oxidation processes with pH of 9 achieving maximum efficiency. • CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation while HCO₃^– not. • Cl^– can be radicals scavenger only at high concentration (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC, C₁₂H₁₅N₃O₃) has featured in wastewater treatment as a refractory organic compound due to the significant production capability and negative environmental impact. TAIC degradation was enhanced when an ozone(O₃)/ultraviolet(UV) process was applied compared with the application of an independent O₃ process. Although 99% of TAIC could be degraded in 5 min during both processes, the O₃/UV process had a 70%mineralization rate that was much higher than that of the independent O₃ process (9%) in 30 min. Four possible degradation pathways were proposed based on the organic compounds of intermediate products identified during TAIC degradation through the application of independent O₃ and O₃/UV processes. pH impacted both the direct and indirect oxidation processes. Acidic and alkaline conditions preferred direct and indirect reactions respectively, with a pH of 9 achieving maximum Total Organic Carbon (TOC) removal. Both CO₃^2– and HCO₃^– decreased TOC removal, however only CO₃^2– negatively impacted TAIC degradation. Effects of Cl^– as a radical scavenger became more marked only at high concentrations (over 500 mg/L Cl^–). Particulate and suspended matter could hinder the transmission of ultraviolet light and reduce the production of HO· accordingly.     

高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定某市污水处理厂进出水中的全氟化合物

通过建立直接进样-高效液相色谱串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）测定污水处理厂进出水中的10种全氟化合物的方法,了解污水厂进出水中全氟化合物污染情况。10种目标分析物在10~500 ng/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,方法检出限为2.3~8.3 ng/L,精密度为2.1%~7.1%,加标回收率为60.6%~91.7%。应用该方法测定某市典型污水厂进出水中的全氟化合物,进水中全氟化合物质量浓度为90.9~206 ng/L,主要污染物是PFOA、PFHxS和PFBS;出水中全氟化合物的质量浓度为67.4~158 ng/L,环境排放量为6.7~22.9 g/d,主要污染物是PFOA和PFHxS。结果表明,该方法能很好地适用于复杂基质中10种全氟化合物的检测。