PRA和GIS在小尺度土地利用变化研究中的应用

论文借助PRA,结合实地测量和GIS,以宁夏南部山区的上黄村为例对小尺度区域的土地利用变化进行了初步研究。重建和恢复了其25年来各时期的土地利用过程,绘制了上黄试区不同时期的土地利用空间变化图,并对其土地利用的数量及空间变化进行了分析。结果表明:在研究期内,从数量上看,耕地和林地变化最为显著,年变化率分别达到了8.0%和9.2%;从空间分布变化来看,主要表现为耕地向林地、草地及园地转变。     

Physical conditions for trapping air by a microtrichia-covered insect cuticle during temporary submersion

The intertidal midge Clunio, which reproduces on exposed rocky seashores, becomes enclosed in an irregularly shaped air bubble during short submersion by incoming waves. This water-repellent property of Clunio’s cuticle is caused by a complete cover of hydrophobic microtrichia offering an effective surf tolerance. These microtrichia not only trap a thin air layer above the cuticle but also maintain a larger air bubble between the insect’s ventral side and legs. The effectiveness of the water repellence was quantitatively characterised on the basis of a known model (Crisp and Thorpe, Discuss Faraday Soc 3:210–220, 1948). The parameters of the model are the contact angle θ (>90°) at the contact line of air/water/microtrichia and the distance between individual microtrichia and their radius. When the microtrichia are 1.1 μm apart and have a radius of 0.1 μm and an estimated contact angle θ of 140°, the air layer is stable against hydrostatic pressures of up to 3 m water column. As shown by a modified version of the model, considerably larger air bubbles can be trapped by the microtrichia cover of the legs up to distances of 0.5 mm from the body. The widely spaced (about 8 μm apart) and longer setae of Clunio are not involved in the formation of air layers and air bubble.     

浅谈小水电开发建设的环境保护

在介绍中国小水电建设现状的基础上,分析了小水电开发利用存在的问题及根源,详细列明并解析了与小水电行业密切相关的政策和法规,最后有针对性地提出了小水电建设中生态与环境协调发展的对策及建议。     

欠发达地区山地小城市人居环境建设初探——以巴中市南江县为例

为寻找适合欠发达地区山地小城市人居环境发展的途径。文章通过对南江县人居环境状况进行问卷调查,分析其人居环境的特点和发展中存在的问题,在综合比较后加以分析总结,从而找到了一些促进此类城市人居环境发展的因素,具有一定的代表性意义。     

A further case with a small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1—evidence for high variability in mosaicism in different tissues of sSMC carriers

A prenatally ascertained case with a de novo small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) derived from chromosome 1 is reported. Due to a fetal heart defect the parents decided in favour of an induced abortion. Postmortem, a molecular cytogenetic study on eleven formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of the fetus was performed, to further characterize the levels of mosaicism of the sSMC(1). sSMC presence varied between 13 and 62% within different tissues of sSMC carriers. This finding is something common in sSMC carriers and could explain why up to the present no clinical correlations for sSMC mosaicism and clinical outcome in the corresponding carriers could be established. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鱼组合测废水急性毒性技术的特点与理论基础

文章简要论述了国内外工业废水的鱼类急性毒性试验技术的发展和现状。运用3～5种小型鱼类组合技术方法对数十家企业工业废水进行急性毒性测试,可显著提高该技术方法毒性测试的灵敏性和毒性判断的可靠性,并显著缩短试验时间。根据工业废水组分及生物毒性的复杂性,以及不同鱼类对同一毒性和同一种鱼类对不同毒性的敏感反应具有差异性的特点,着重探讨和论述了支持用多种鱼组合(同时)测试工业废水急性毒性的理论基础。     

Evaluation of a cost e ective technique for treating aquaculture water discharge using Lolium perenne Lam as a biofilter

Wastewater stabilization ponds generate low cost by-products that are useful for agriculture. The utilization of these by-products for soil amendment and as a source of nutrients for plants requires a high level of sanitation and stabilization of the organic matter, to maintain acceptable levels of soil, water and air quality. In this study, two aquaculture wastewater treatment systems; recirculating system and a floating plant bed system were designed to improve the quality of irrigation water in local communities with low income. In both systems the grass species Lolium perenne Lam was used as a plant biofilter while vegetable specie Amaranthus viridis was used to evaluate the performance of the system and the suitability of the phyto-treated water for irrigation. It was found that the harmful material removal rate for recirculating system was 88.9% for TAN （total ammonia nitrogen）, 90% for NO2--N, 64.8% for NO3--N while for floating plant bed system 82.7% for TAN, 82% for NO2--N and 60.5% for NO3--N. Comparative analysis of the efficiency of waste element removal between the two systems revealed that both systems performed well, however, plant growth was not robust for floating plant bed system while recirculating system is energy consuming. Although both systems did not attain sufficient levels of TN （total nitrogen） and TP （total phosphorus） load reduction, the treatment with L. perenne remarkably improved the irrigation water quality. A. viridis plants irrigated with the phyto-treated discharge water had lesser concentrations of heavy metals in their tissues compared to those irrigated with untreated discharge. The control plants irrigated with untreated discharge were also found to be highly lignified with few stems and small leaves.     

基于GA-BP-SD模型的生态环境质量综合评价

近年来,中国小城镇生态环境质量恶化趋势明显,同时相应的综合评价研究也逐步深入.针对生态环境质量综合评价问题,建造了GA-BP-SD模型.它对反向传播神经网络初始权值和阀值用遗传算法优化,并将隶属度引入遗传神经网络,以便确定生态环境质量的影响因子和程度.用此模型对小城镇生态环境质量进行了综合评价和探索,结果说明该方法是适合中国小城镇进行生态环境质量评价方法的.     

活性污泥-生物膜一体化反应器处理生活污水性能研究

针对中小城镇污水处理的特点开发了活性污泥-生物膜复合一体化反应器,该反应器实现了反应区和沉淀区一体化,综合了活性污泥法和生物膜法的优点,具有运行稳定、占地面积少、基建投资低、管理方便的优点,并具有较好的去除有机物和脱氮除磷能力.     

Particle size distribution and removal in the chemical-biological flocculation process

The particle characterization from the influent and effluent of a chemical-biological flocculation (CBF) process was studied with a laser diffraction device. Water samples from a chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) process and a primary sediment tank process were also analyzed for comparison. The results showed that CBF process was not only effective for both the big size particles and small size particles removal, but also the best particle removal process in the three processes. The results also indicated that CBF process was superior to CEPT process in the heavy metals removal. The high and non-selective removal for heavy metals might be closely related to its strong ability to eliminate small particles. Samples from different locations in CBF reactors showed that small particles were easier to aggregate into big ones and those disrupted flocs could properly flocculate again along CBF reactor because of the biological flocculation.