深圳市城区大气颗粒物及主要水溶性无机离子的污染特征

基于2015年深圳市大气颗粒物和主要水溶性无机离子的观测数据,深入分析了大气颗粒物的浓度变化及二次污染特征.结果表明2015年深圳的大气颗粒物（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）浓度虽然低,但其中细粒子占比高,PM_2.5/PM₁₀的比值高达0.744,甚至大于广州典型灰霾过程中的粗细粒子比.大气颗粒物浓度季节变化明显,秋冬高,春夏低.其日变化特征明显受到交通高峰的影响,汽车尾气可能是污染来源之一.SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺（SNA）质量浓度在PM_2.5中的占比超过1/3（37.7%）,且全年硫转化率都大于0.1,这说明深圳市细颗粒物主要来自于二次转化.深圳大气颗粒物浓度受气象要素影响显著,与气压正相关,与气温、相对湿度、降水及风速负相关;若将风速、气温、气压、相对湿度和降水作为一个整体考虑,这些气象要素对深圳大气颗粒物浓度的影响大小是PM₁ > PM₁₀ > PM_2.5.本工作不仅对深圳的大气环境管理和经济可持续发展有着重要参考价值,还对空气相对清洁地区的大气颗粒物和霾治理具有指导意义.     

925镍基合金和110SS钢在高温高酸性环境中的电偶腐蚀行为

目的 探究镍基合金925和抗硫油管管材110SS在不同面积比下耦接后的电偶腐蚀行为和电偶腐蚀效应,模拟国内某油气田高温高酸性腐蚀环境。方法 采用浸泡腐蚀试验和电化学测试技术,评价电偶腐蚀的阴阳极过程对腐蚀进程的影响,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)与X射线衍射仪(XRD)对腐蚀试样的表面形貌及腐蚀产物成分进行分析。结果 110SS的自腐蚀电位远远低于925,阴阳极分别以1:1、1:5、1:10、1:30四种面积比耦接后,均发生电偶腐蚀。耦接后110SS的腐蚀速率分别为:0.7564、0.7032、0.6457、0.6289 mm/a,均为极严重腐蚀。结论 电偶腐蚀速率和电偶腐蚀效应均随着阴阳极面积比的增大而增加。镍基合金与碳钢油管耦接主要对材料在腐蚀环境下的腐蚀进程有影响,而对腐蚀产物和腐蚀机理的影响不大。     

Emission study of a diesel engine fueled with higher alcohol-biodiesel blended fuels

This work examines the effect of butanol (higher alcohol) on the emission pattern of neat neem oil biodiesel (NBD100) fueled diesel engine. Single-cylinder, 4-stroke, research diesel engine was employed to conduct the trial. Blends comprising the mixture of biodiesel and higher alcohol were prepared by employing an ultrasonic agitator. Four test fuels such as neat neem oil biodiesel, diesel, and two blends of higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel: 10% and 20% (by volume). Experimental result showed that increasing alcohol content to biodiesel brought down the various emissions such as Smoke, NO_x, HC, and CO by 6.8%, 10.4%, 8.6%, and 5.9%, respectively, at all loads. It was also concluded from the trail that a 20% higher alcohol/neem oil biodiesel blends show the promising signs in reducing all the emissions associated with biodiesel fuelled diesel engine.     

胶带运输巷水幕抑制火灾烟气效率影响因素实验研究

针对胶带运输巷火灾时期有毒烟气蔓延严重威胁工作人员的生命安全问题,提出利用水幕阻烟法抑制火灾烟气传播,搭建小尺寸实验台研究水幕对矿井巷道火灾烟气的阻挡效果。通过分析火灾烟气的运移规律,测量温度分布、非水溶性火灾烟气体积分数的变化,检验矿井运输巷内设置水幕阻烟的有效性。实验结果表明:水幕开启后,其下游空间烟气体积分数降低,能够有效阻止火灾烟气的扩散;水幕远离烟气源、增加水幕层数、水幕向上喷射、喷头压力增大均能够提高水幕的阻烟效果。实验为矿井巷道等地下建筑的防排烟设计提供了思路,对火灾的救援与人员的疏散具有重要意义。     

中小型城市安全社区建设探析

为了探求我国中小城市开展安全社区建设的方法,提升中小城市的安全管理水平,本文先是探究了我国安全社区创建现状,总结了目前我国安全社区建设中存在的问题,然后对中小城市的安全现状进行了分析,阐述了中小型城市推进安全社区创建的必要性,最后依照大型一线城市开展安全社区建设的经验为中小城市安全社区建设提出了相应的对策,期望对中小城市创建安全社区有一定的借鉴意义。     

微米级空心玻璃微珠三相泡沫稳定性研究

基于水成膜泡沫灭火剂(AFFF),用微米级空心微珠颗粒作为泡沫稳定剂,制成三相泡沫,并研究了泡沫组成因素对发泡能力和泡沫稳定性的影响。采用控制变量法,研究了颗粒浓度、颗粒粒径、AFFF原液浓度对发泡倍数和析液时间的影响。颗粒加入对发泡能力有抑制作用;因为颗粒存在影响,三相泡沫的发泡能力随AFFF原液浓度增大而减小;40μm粒径颗粒的抑制作用相对20μm和60μm颗粒最小。颗粒浓度和AFFF原液浓度增加,能够提升三相泡沫稳定性,且泡沫析液时间随颗粒浓度增加呈指数规律变化。当AFFF原液浓度为3.0%、颗粒浓度为9%左右时,三相泡沫稳定时间约为两相泡沫的3倍,该配方三相泡沫有较好的稳定性。     

贵州省闪电定位资料中小幅值地闪范围研究

采用2006—2015年贵州省ADTD闪电定位资料,应用Matlab软件中的曲线拟合工具箱对数据进行对数正态分布拟合,利用非参数正态分布检验中的Kolmogorov—Smirnov检验方法(简称K-S检验方法)分析各区间拟合效果,最终确定贵州省闪电定位系统资料的"小幅值地闪"干扰区间为-10~2k A,该结论为贵州省闪电资料修正提供理论依据,在使用ADTD闪电定位资料时可先将此区间误差数据剔除。该研究为利用闪电定位资料确定雷电灾害风险区划提供重要参考。     

初始pH值和物料配比对高温混料厌氧发酵进程的影响

为了研究高温条件下初始p H对厌氧发酵进程的影响,以猪粪、玉米秸秆为发酵原料,设置3种比例(干物质质量比30∶70、50∶50、70∶30)下6个水平(6.0、6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的初始p H值以及一个不调控初始p H的处理作为对照)进行批次发酵试验.结果表明,初始p H值和物料配比都会显著影响厌氧发酵过程的启动时间和甲烷产量.当初始p H值为7.0时,VS降解率趋于稳定.COD去除率随着粪便含量的增加而逐渐降低.高温猪粪玉米秸秆混合发酵最佳挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)/碱度比值范围为0.05~0.3;猪粪可以作为一种缓冲材料,适量添加可增大消化系统的缓冲能力.通过建模优化,预测出当初始p H值为6.95、猪粪/玉米秆为70∶30时,可得到每克挥发性固体最大理论单位甲烷产量169.22 m L·g-1.     

Drivers for OSH interventions in small and medium-sized enterprises

The debate concerning occupational safety and health (OSH) interventions has recently focused on the need of improving the evaluation of interventions, and in particular on the need for providing information about why the intervention worked or not, under what circumstances and in which context. Key concepts in the analysis of the context are the drivers, i.e., those factors enabling, fostering or facilitating OSH interventions. However, the concept of driver for an OSH intervention is both confused and contested. Although the term is widely used, there is little consensus on how drivers should be understood, how important they are in different contexts and how they can facilitate interventions. This exploratory study based on interviews with the owner-managers and the safety officers of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) gives an overview of the most characteristic drivers for OSH interventions. The results will be used to make an initial evaluation of SMEs' needs, and will help orient interventions and future research.     

Facilitators and barriers to occupational health and safety in small and medium-sized enterprises: a descriptive exploratory study in Ontario,Canada

Purpose. The purpose of this particular study was to test a newly created instrument in describing the facilitators and barriers to occupational health and safety in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Ontario, Canada. Methods. A cross-sectional design was used to identify the occupational health and safety culture of SMEs in public and private sectors in Ontario. Results. A total of 153 questionnaires were completed. The majority of respondents were female (84%) with a mean age of 49.8 years (SD 10.6). Seventy-four percent were supervisors. Seventy percent of respondents were from the private sector while 30% derived from the public sector including healthcare, community services, and non-profit organizations. Further, conducting regular external safety inspections of the workplace was found to be statistically associated with a safe work environment 2.88 95% CI [1.57, 5.27]. Conclusions. Strategies and training opportunities that focus on how to adapt occupational health and safety legislation to the nature and diversity of SMEs are recommended. Furthermore, employers may use such information to improve safety in their SMEs, while researchers can hopefully use such evidence to develop interventions that are applicable to meeting the occupational health and safety needs of SMEs.