Evaluating the Environmental Performance of Urban Parks in Mediterranean Cities: An Example from the Barcelona Metropolitan Region

In a context of increasing urban sprawl and water scarcity common to other Mediterranean cities, this article focuses on the urban parks in the Region of Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain) to examine how these parks are distributed in this region and to assess whether their design and management follow criteria adapted to Mediterranean environmental conditions, especially in what concerns water use. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of these parks, we selected four factors possibly influencing the adoption of park management practices at the local scale: urban density, population size of the municipality, municipal income per capita, and political orientation of the city council. After determining the location and area of urban parks in the region, we correlated these four explanatory factors with several management tasks extracted from two different samples of parks (one of 315 parks and another of 125 parks) and a survey of 86 city councils. Results show that, in general, urban parks were more frequent in large, dense, and left/green municipalities but that environmentally sound practices were more common in small and low-density municipalities. We conclude that changes in certain practices (especially the substitution of high water demanding species) could improve significantly the environmental performance of public spaces in large urban areas with Mediterranean climates. Our observations may be pertinent for other cities interested in the provision of environmental public goods such as parks that necessitate water for irrigation.     

我国城市水资源利用效率分析

科学客观地评价我国城市水资源利用差异、明晰造成差异的原因可以为决策部门制定适宜的用水供水政策提供科学依据.收集了全国283个城市15年的市辖区城市建设用地面积占市区面积的比重、市辖区人均地区生产总值、市辖区人口密度、市辖区居民生活用水量、市辖区工业用水等10项指标.采用不变规模报酬模型（CCR）分析地级市水资源利用投入产出效益,采用基于松弛变量测度效率分析方法（SBM）逐年计算水资源利用效率,采用Mann-Kendall检验法检验水资源利用效率变化趋势.结果显示,我国主要地级城市水资源利用效率普遍不高,全国主要城市普遍存在投入冗余、产出不足的特点.2000—2014年,全国62.2%的城市水资源利用效率变化趋势不明显,显著下降的占1.4%（p<0.05）,显著升高的占13.07%（p<0.05）.加强区域间技术合作,因地制宜地开展诸如调整产业结构,引进先进生产设备、推广节水设备使用等相关提高水资源利用效率的举措,是实现我国城市可持续发展重要途径.     

福建省三大城市冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的污染特征

以福建省福州、厦门和泉州这3个主要城市为研究对象,采集了冬季PM2.5样品,采用热光透射法(thermal opticaltransmission,TOT)分析得到PM2.5、OC和EC的浓度水平和空间分布、OC与EC的相关性、OC/EC值以及二次有机碳分布特征.结果表明,福州、厦门和泉州冬季PM2.5的浓度范围为(79.94±18.08)～(114.78±26.10)μg.m-3,均超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)规定的PM2.5日均值75μg.m-3.OC和EC的浓度范围(以C计)分别为(14.77±2.65)～(19.27±1.96)μg.m-3和(1.99±0.50)～(3.36±0.41)μg.m-3,分别是背景点福州平潭的1.2～1.6倍和1.2～2.0倍.福州平潭(R2=0.70)和晋安(R2=0.66)冬季PM2.5中OC与EC的相关性显著,说明OC和EC有相近的一次污染来源.OC/EC值为5.64～7.71,且值均大于2.0,说明各采样点存在二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,SOC)的生成.SOC的浓度为2.47～7.17μg.m-3,占OC的比例为13.08%～45.67%,占PM2.5的2.20%～7.78%.     

中国资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及响应机制

以2003-2015年的中国资源型地级城市为研究对象,利用全局主成分分析、耦合协调模型和面板VAR模型对中国不同类型的资源型城市精明发展与环境质量的耦合关系及交互响应机制进行综合测度。研究发现：（1）资源型城市精明发展水平相对较低,各地区间差异有所减弱;环境质量亟待改善,各地区间差异在波动中有所增加。（2）二者间的耦合协调关系有待提升,耦合协调度由高到低排名依次为成长型、衰退型、再生型和成熟型。（3）不同类型资源型城市的精明发展与环境质量均有自我增强和惯性增长趋势。资源型城市精明发展对环境质量呈现先正后负的作用机制,成熟型资源城市精明发展提升对环境质量具有正向增强机制,而衰退型资源城市环境质量对精明发展、再生型资源城市精明发展对环境质量均呈现先负后正的交替作用机制。未来15期,成熟型和再生型资源城市精明发展将会促进环境质量提升。针对不同类型资源城市提出了差异化的对策与转型发展建议。     

中国部分城市水环境中TFA的初步研究

三氟乙酸（trifluoroacetic acid,TFA）是稳定且有潜在毒害性的有机污染物,可在水环境中不断累积导致浓度持续升高,从而引起生态健康风险.本研究通过在全国16个城市采集自来水、河水、湖水等环境水样43个,用衍生化法-气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测水环境中TFA的浓度水平.结果表明,所有采样点的水样中均可检出TFA,浓度范围为13.7～7 850 ng.L-1,不同城市水环境中TFA的浓度差异显著.上海环境水中TFA浓度最高,自来水和河水中TFA的浓度分别为3 054 ng.L-1和7 850ng.L-1.TFA的地域分布显示位于华东地区的上海、安徽、山东烟台等地水环境中TFA水平明显高于其它城市.华东地区是中国氟化工业比较集中的区域,氟化工业生产过程直接或间接地排放氟化物对环境TFA的源贡献,很可能是这一地区城市水环境中TFA偏高的主要原因.     

我国城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属分布及来源

为揭示城市不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的分布规律及污染来源,在文献调研的基础上,通过对多个省会城市主要功能区地表灰尘重金属数据的分析和比对,阐述了我国城市不同功能区地表灰尘中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的分布及累积差异,并探讨了不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的可能来源及影响因素.结果表明,工业区地表灰尘重金属含量最高,交通区地表灰尘重金属含量最低,商业区和居民文教区地表灰尘重金属含量处于中等水平.4种功能区之间地表灰尘重金属水平分异较大的元素是Zn和Pb,Cu和Cd在不同功能区地表灰尘中的含量差异较小.相对于城市土壤,工业区地表灰尘重金属累积最重,其它3个功能区地表灰尘重金属累积差异不明显,但相对而言,交通区地表灰尘重金属累积最轻.不同功能区地表灰尘累积程度差异最小的元素是Cd.     

福建省小城镇发展中的环境问题

阐述 了小城镇建设中的环境问题，提出了小城镇建设中的环境保护对策。     

Identification of anthropogenic influences on water quality of rivers in Taihu watershed

Surface water bodies are progressively subjected to stress as a result of anthropogenic activities. This study assessed and examined the impact of human activities on spatial variation in the water quality of 19 rivers in the Taihu watershed. Concentrations of physicochemical parameters of surface water quality were determined at the mouth of each river during the period of 2000-2004. Multivariate statistical techniques were applied to identify characteristics of the water quality in the studied rivers. The results showed that rivers strongly influenced by household wastewater have the highest concentrations of nutrients （TN and TP）. Moreover, rivers in the vicinity of a metropolis presented low dissolved oxygen （DO） levels. However, organic-chemical pollution （petroleum and volatile phenolics） was identified with high localization. Two rivers influenced by sewage from industry and ships were distinguished from other rivers with high values of petroleum. The Taige channel, a river located in Changzhou City that is strongly influenced by wastewater from industry, was characterized with an extraordinarily high value of volatile phenolics. Rivers passing through countries, especially through hilly countries were characterized with high DO contents and low nutrient and organic-chemical pollution, suggesting that agriculture puts less pressure on water quality in adjacent rivers. Therefore, more effort should be made in controlling point pollution to restore water quality in rivers adjacent to cities.     

城市大气污染的人力资本损失研究

从人均GDP的角度提出了修正人力资本法,分析了大气污染引起的过早死亡人力资本损失,分析了平均损失寿命年、人均GDP增长率和社会贴现率对人力资本损失的影响.并以2003年为基准年,估算出主要城市大气污染的人均人力资本损失大致在12～90万元/人之间.为评估我国城市大气污染的健康经济损失提供参考.     

国家环保模范城市创建中监测类指标操作要点

国家环境保护模范城市考核指标体系共28项考核指标(集中供热率仅考核北方城市),其中11项指标以环境监测为基础。环境监测类指标是环保模范城市考核中定量考核的主要方面,也是在创模过程中容易出现问题的方面。笔者根据多年参与环保模范城市考核的体会,提出了各项指标的操作要点。