北京及周边6个城市大气PM2.5中左旋葡聚糖及其异构体的时空分布特征

采集北京及周边6个城市春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节大气PM_2.5样品,用离子色谱法测定其中的左旋葡聚糖(LG)、甘露聚糖(MN)和半乳聚糖(GT),对比这3种脱水聚糖与PM_2.5及有机碳(OC)的浓度水平和时空分布特征,应用SPSS 24.0软件分析了数据间的显著性差异.结果表明, 6个城市PM_2.5、OC和LG浓度水平的季节分布规律高度相似,呈现冬季>春季>秋季>夏季, 4个季节3种脱水聚糖的浓度水平有显著性差异.从空间角度分析3种脱水聚糖浓度水平,北京与天津、保定、石家庄无显著性差异,但北京与济南、郑州有显著性差异.根据6个城市的LG/MN和LG/(MN+GT)等浓度水平的比较,初步判断该区域PM_2.5中的生物质燃烧源主要来源于农作物秸秆和硬木.春季的PM_2.5污染过程中,北京、天津、石家庄和济南的左旋葡聚糖在PM_2.5中的含量变化基本保持稳定,显示该污染过程受生物质燃烧排放的影响较弱.     

Smart meter data and equitable energy transitions – can cities play a role?

ABSTRACT

The ability of smart cities to address multiple priorities is currently receiving a great deal of attention from governments, industry and academia; however, there are relatively few explorations of how smart cities will be enacted and the equity implications of various elements of the agenda. This paper aims to begin to address this by considering the case of smart meter data in Great Britain and reviewing the potential for public interest benefits to be realised at both a national and city-scale. In order to interrogate how societal benefits of smart metering might be enabled or constrained at different scales, both transition management approaches to understanding the intricacies of transforming socio-technical systems, and urban governance literatures which explore the problems in aligning “smart” and “sustainable” agendas, are engaged with. The case suggests that there is great potential for smart meter data to deliver public interest benefits and in doing so contribute to equity in energy transitions through promoting the accrual of benefits to collective rather than solely individual or commercial interests. Despite this, under the current smart metering framework city-scale actors are largely excluded from utilising smart metering data unless they partner with a large incumbent company. This suggests that the configuration of national smart metering arrangements could be further embedding a marketised approach to smart cities and demonstrates the complex interlinking of socio-political processes operating across multiple scales in energy transitions.     

Correcting common misconceptions to inspire conservation action in urban environments

Despite repeated calls to action, proposals for urban conservation are often met with surprise or scepticism. There remains a pervasive narrative in policy, practice, and the public psyche that urban environments, although useful for engaging people with nature or providing ecosystem services, are of little conservation value. We argue that the tendency to overlook the conservation value of urban environments stems from misconceptions about the ability of native species to persist within cities and towns and that this, in turn, hinders effective conservation action. However, recent scientific evidence shows that these assumptions do not always hold. Although it is generally true that increasing the size, quality, and connectivity of habitat patches will improve the probability that a species can persist, the inverse is not that small, degraded, or fragmented habitats found in urban environments are worthless. In light of these findings we propose updated messages that guide and inspire researchers, practitioners, and decision makers to undertake conservation action in urban environments: consider small spaces, recognize unconventional habitats, test creative solutions, and use science to minimize the impacts of future urban development.     

大连北三市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应

以大连市北部的县级市瓦房店市、普兰店市和庄河市为研究区,引用2005年土地利用矢量数据,选用生态意义较明确的景观特征指数,对大连北三市土地利用景观格局及其生态环境效应进行比较分析。揭示土地利用景观格局对生态环境的影响。     

基于集对分析的中小机场运行风险水平态势评估

中小机场是我国航空运输业最重要的终端,也是民航风险事故最容易发生的地方。利用集对分析理论,建立了中小机场运行风险的同异反模型。根据集对势分析计算结果,再利用偏联系数分析系统发展动态趋势。结果表明,所建立的同异反风险评价模型能很好地对风险趋势进行合理的预测,在实际应用中具有很强的操作性,再加上合理的权重计算方法,使评价结果更加科学可靠。     

Towards the solution of urban transport problems in China

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我国小城市固体废物区域管理系统中若干量化指标

简略介绍我国小城市的固体废物区域管理系统，指出在我国小城市固体废物实行区域管理的重要意义，系统论证了我国小城市固体废物区域管理中垃圾排放量，垃圾产生量的预测等若干重要量指标正确应用的意义与必要性。     

城市生态经济系统与城镇布局

发展经济，保护环境，是社会主义经济建设不可忽视的两个方面。生态经济学是把两者作为统一体研究的学科。将城市生态学原理用于城镇布局，以节约能源，提高效益，减少污染，保护环境为目标，得出宜发展的四种城市类型；沿海城市，资源城市，内陆交通通枢纽城市和旅游城市。     

环境保护领域地方市级首次立法进展研究

为调研设区的市立法权放开后各地立法进展,通过全国各省市政府网站(除港澳台外)等公开渠道收集整理的各设区的市"首次立法"(第一部实体法,简称"首法")立法情况,发现截至2017年7月,全国89%新获立法权设区的市已完成"首法"立项,超一半新获立法权设区的市已顺利出台"首法"。从"首法"立项类型来看,约40%设区的市"首法"关注环境保护,仅次于城乡建设与管理类立法,表明环境保护是各地"首法"立法关注的重点领域之一。从地方环境"首法"立项类型来看,水环境保护领域条例立项数最多,其次是生态保护领域和大气污染防治领域;从地方环境"首法"立项分布来看,水环境保护类条例多分布于位于水系末端的沿海各省,大气污染防治条例则主要集中于京津冀及其周边空气质量较差的区域。当前国家高度重视生态文明建设,各地有必要抓住地方立法这一机遇,研究出台地方环境条例,助力地方环境管理水平的提升。     

利用PUF大气被动采样技术监测中国城市大气中的多环芳烃

利用PUF大气被动采样技术,分冬、春2个季度,对中国32个城市大气中的多环芳烃（PAHs）进行了观测.结果表明,除主要存在于气相中的2～3环PAHs与部分4环PAHs外,PUF被动采样器也可一定程度地采集大气颗粒物中的5～7环PAHs.中国城市大气PAHs的浓度与组成,主要受城市所处的地理位置、气候条件以及能源消费结构的影响.西北、华北、西南和华中地区部分城市大气中PAH总量和高环PAH浓度均较高,华南和东南沿海一带城市则相对较低.在季节变化上,表现为冬季浓度高、春季低.可能是陆源有机质在土壤中早期成岩作用的产物,春季浓度升高反映了土壤颗粒物对大气颗粒物的贡献,与扬尘天气相对应;而芴的浓度在燃煤较多的城市大气中显著增加,与其主要属燃煤成因相一致.研究表明,PUF大气被动器可很好地运用于区域大气PAH污染分布与特征对比研究.