Disturbance of light-absorbing aerosols on the albedo in a winter snowpack of Central Tibet

A field observation on the albedo of the snowpack in Central Tibet was conducted in the Nam Co region in the winter of 2011. Snow properties, including grain size and density, were measured in the field, and surface-layer snow samples (down to 5 cm) were collected. The average concentrations of black carbon and dust were 72 ppbm (close to that in the glaciers of Mt. Nyainqentanglha) and 120 ppmm, respectively. Inverse trends were found to exist between the albedo of the snowpack and light-absorbing aerosols (LAAs) as well as grain size growth. Modeling showed that black carbon, dust, and grain growth in the winter snowpack can reduce the broadband albedo by 11%, 28%, and 61%, respectively.     

地热能融雪技术研究

北方冬季漫长,冰冻时期长,雪量大,导致清雪工作艰难。由于清雪工作不及时导致的交通事故多,严重影响交通运输和危及他人生命安全。利用Fluent对地热能融雪过程进行数值模拟,得出路面积雪的温度场及相界面的融雪规律,并针对散热管管径的大小、散热管埋设的间距和深度进行对比研究,为地热能融雪技术路面设计提供参考。     

河西走廊东部冬春季积雪对沙尘天气的影响

利用河西走廊东部5个气象站1961─2007年逐月积雪深度、积雪日数和沙尘天气的常规观测资料,分析了河西走廊东部冬春季积雪深度、积雪日数和春夏季沙尘日数的时空变化特征,进而探讨河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘天气的关系. 结果表明:受海拔高度、地理位置以及天气系统等影响,河西走廊东部积雪从东南向西北递减,高海拔地区的积雪多于低海拔地区;沙尘日数从西北向东南递减,低海拔地区的沙尘日数明显多于高海拔地区. 河西走廊东部冬春季积雪与春夏季沙尘日数呈显著负相关. 积雪深度与沙尘日数的负相关性高于积雪日数与沙尘日数的负相关性;冬春季积雪对春季沙尘的影响大于对夏季沙尘的影响;山区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性高于平原区积雪与沙尘日数的相关性.      

SNOTEL,the Soil Climate Analysis Network,and water supply forecasting at the Natural Resources Conservation Service: Past,present, and future

The Snow Survey and Water Supply Forecasting (SSWSF) Program and the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) of the United States Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) generate key observational and predictive information for water managers. Examples include mountain climate and snow monitoring through manual snow surveys and the SNOw TELemetry (SNOTEL) and SNOtel LITE networks, in situ soil moisture data acquisition through the SCAN and SNOTEL networks, and water supply forecasting using river runoff prediction models. The SSWSF Program has advanced continuously over the decades and is a major source of valuable water management information across the western United States, and the SCAN network supports agricultural and other water users nationwide. Product users and their management goals are diverse, and use-cases range from guiding crop selection to seasonal flood risk assessment, drought monitoring and prediction, avalanche and fire prediction, hydropower optimization, tracking climate variability and change, environmental management, satisfying international treaty and domestic legal requirements, and more. Priorities going forward are to continue innovating to enhance the accuracy and completeness of the observational and model-generated data products these programs deliver, including expanded synergies with the remote sensing community and uptake of artificial intelligence while maintaining long-term operational reliability and consistency at scale.     

中国东北地区积雪中离子特征及其环境意义

本文对2018年12月至2019年3月东北地区86个积雪样品的阴阳离子进行测定,运用MODIS、相关性分析、后向轨迹等方法研究积雪中阴阳离子的空间分布特征及来源。结果表明：积雪中离子平均浓度大小为Ca²⁺>SO₄^2->CL^->NO₂^->NO₃^->Na⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺>NH₄⁺>F^-,其中SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺是主要的阴、阳离子,分别占总离子浓度的29.54%和30.97%。积雪的pH平均值为6.57,呈微酸性,且电导率与Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、Mg²⁺、CL^-...     

某城区降雪中OPEs污染特征与风险评估

采用超高效液相色谱-质谱联用仪(UPLC-MS-MS)测定了某城区雪水中12种有机磷酸酯(OPEs)。结果表明:12种OPEs在所有采样点均有检出,总浓度范围为118.24～1 580.26 ng/L,平均浓度为899.77 ng/L。烷基磷酸酯是检出的主要污染物,磷酸三(1-氯-2-丙基)酯(TCPP)和磷酸三丁氧乙酯(TBEP)是最主要的单体OPEs,分别占ΣOPEs的20.31%～63.52%和3.51%～62.10%。ΣOPEs的浓度水平与人类生产生活活动量密切相关,在科研单位1号和科研单位2号的实验室,以及火车站1号和火车站2号附近ΣOPEs的浓度较高,公园1号和公园2号的浓度较低。对雪水中OPEs进行源解析,发现建材涂料、塑料橡胶制品、交通运输、家居装潢和电子产品可能是该城区雪水中OPEs的主要来源。根据计算得到的雪水中OPEs的健康风险均低于理论风险阈值来看,研究区域雪水中OPEs的生态风险总体处于低水平,但是部分采样点雪水中2-乙基己基二苯基磷酸酯(EDHPP)具有中等生态风险。     

Potential genotoxic effects of melted snow from an urban area revealed by the Allium cepa test

The presence of well-known atmospheric pollutants is regularly screened for in large towns but knowledge about the effects of mixtures of different pollutants and especially their genotoxic potential is largely missing. Since falling snow collects pollutants from the air, melted snow samples could be suitable for evaluating potential genotoxicity. For this purpose the Allium cepa anaphase–telophase test was used to analyse melted snow samples from Belgrade, the capital city of Serbia. Samples of snow were taken at two sites, characterized by differences in pollution intensity, in three successive years. At the more polluted site the analyses showed a very high degree of both toxicity and genotoxicity in the first year of the study corresponding to the effects of the known mutagen used as the positive control. At the other site the situation was much better but not without warning signals. The results showed that standard analyses for the presence of certain contaminants in the air do not give an accurate picture of the possible consequences of urban air pollution because the genotoxic potential remains hidden. The A. cepa test has been demonstrated to be very convenient for evaluation of air pollution through analyses of melted snow samples.     

环境模拟试验室人工降雪装置的研制

采用喷水雾的方式在空调器环境模拟试验室内实现人工降雪功能。对造雪方法、喷头选用、供水系统、供水/供气压力以及管道防冻等方面进行了研制和试验。试验结果表明人工降雪装置可实现稳定连续降雪,降雪洒落分布均匀、积雪蓬松类似自然雪,达到预期效果。     

A Simple Process‐Based Snowmelt Routine to Model Spatially Distributed Snow Depth and Snowmelt in the SWAT Model1

Abstract: We present a method to integrate a process‐based (PB) snowmelt model that requires only daily temperature and elevation information into the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The model predicts the spatiotemporal snowpack distribution without adding additional complexity, and in fact reduces the number of calibrated parameters. To demonstrate the utility of the PB model, we calibrate the PB and temperature‐index (TI) SWAT models to optimize agreement with stream discharge on a 46‐km² watershed in northwestern Idaho, United States, for 10 individual years and use the calibrated parameters for the year with the best agreement to run the model for 15 remaining years. Stream discharge predictions by the PB and TI model were similar, although the PB model simulated snowmelt more accurately than the TI model for the remaining 15‐year period. Spatial snow distributions predicted by the PB model better matched observations from LandSat imagery and a SNOTEL station. Results for this watershed show that including PB snowmelt in watershed models is feasible, and calibration of TI‐based watershed models against discharge can incorrectly predict snow cover.     

天山东部雪冰中硝酸根浓度对中亚生物质燃烧的响应研究

研究了天山东部雪冰中NO3-浓度对中亚哈萨克斯坦生物质燃烧的响应情况.在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川持续采集了52组表层雪与雪坑样本,分析了雪样中NO3-等成分的浓度,运用HYSPLIT模型模拟了空气轨迹,目的是考察雪冰中NO3-与2002年哈萨克斯坦草原大火的关系,探讨由生物质燃烧产生的NO3-在高海拔山岳冰川雪层中的沉...