施用不同氮肥对坡耕地径流中N输出的影响

以山东省泰安东北部刘家庄村坡耕地为研究区域,通过实地监测多次天然降雨中农田养分的流失,研究施肥处理对氮素流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著地增大了农田径流中氮素浓度及流失量;在相同施肥量的实验条件下,与碳酸氢铵和普通尿素相比,控释尿素可有效地降低氮素流失15%～25%;70%左右的氮素流失发生在监测的前期.合理施肥、降低表土中速效氮养分含量是减少农田氮流失的关键途径之一.     

A Multi‐Scale Soil Moisture Monitoring Strategy for California: Design and Validation

A multi‐scale soil moisture monitoring strategy for California was designed to inform water resource management. The proposed workflow classifies soil moisture response units (SMRUs) using publicly available datasets that represent soil, vegetation, climate, and hydrology variables, which control soil water storage. The SMRUs were classified, using principal component analysis and unsupervised K‐means clustering within a geographic information system, and validated, using summary statistics derived from measured soil moisture time series. Validation stations, located in the Sierra Nevada, include transect of sites that cross the rain‐to‐snow transition and a cluster of sites located at similar elevations in a snow‐dominated watershed. The SMRUs capture unique responses to varying climate conditions characterized by statistical measures of central tendency, dispersion, and extremes. A topographic position index and landform classification is the final step in the workflow to guide the optimal placement of soil moisture sensors at the local‐scale. The proposed workflow is highly flexible and can be implemented over a range of spatial scales and input datasets can be customized. Our approach captures a range of soil moisture responses to climate across California and can be used to design and optimize soil moisture monitoring strategies to support runoff forecasts for water supply management or to assess landscape conditions for forest and rangeland management.     

Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model1

Harshburger, Brian J., Von P. Walden, Karen S. Humes, Brandon C. Moore, Troy R. Blandford, and Albert Rango, 2012. Generation of Ensemble Streamflow Forecasts Using an Enhanced Version of the Snowmelt Runoff Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(4): 643‐655. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00642.x Abstract: As water demand increases in the western United States, so does the need for accurate streamflow forecasts. We describe a method for generating ensemble streamflow forecasts (1‐15 days) using an enhanced version of the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). Forecasts are produced for three snowmelt‐dominated basins in Idaho. Model inputs are derived from meteorological forecasts, snow cover imagery, and surface observations from Snowpack Telemetry stations. The model performed well at lead times up to 7 days, but has significant predictability out to 15 days. The timing of peak flow and the streamflow volume are captured well by the model, but the peak‐flow value is typically low. The model performance was assessed by computing the coefficient of determination (R²), percentage of volume difference (Dv%), and a skill score that quantifies the usefulness of the forecasts relative to climatology. The average R² value for the mean ensemble is >0.8 for all three basins for lead times up to seven days. The Dv% is fairly unbiased (within ±10%) out to seven days in two of the basins, but the model underpredicts Dv% in the third. The average skill scores for all basins are >0.6 for lead times up to seven days, indicating that the ensemble model outperforms climatology. These results validate the usefulness of the ensemble forecasting approach for basins of this type, suggesting that the ensemble version of SRM might be applied successfully to other basins in the Intermountain West.     

小浪底水库影响下的黄河花园口站和小浪底站pCO2特征及扩散通量

于2011年11月至2012年10月在黄河小浪底站和花园口站进行连续采样分析,根据亨利定律计算出表层水体二氧化碳分压(p CO2),研究了在小浪底水库"水沙调控"的影响下黄河花园口站和小浪底站表层水体p CO2特征及水-气CO2通量.结果表明,在小浪底水库正常调度期间,小浪底站表层水体p CO2在82~195 Pa之间,花园口站表层水体p CO2在99~228 Pa之间,且花园口站表层水体p CO2均高于同期的小浪底站;在小浪底水库调水调沙期间,两个水文站均表现为水库泄水期间的表层水体p CO2明显低于水库排沙期间的表层水体p CO2.无论是在小浪底水库正常调度期间还是在调水调沙期间,两个水文站表层水体p CO2均与DIC含量呈现显著的正相关关系.8、9月Ep CO2/AOU的比值高于生物好氧呼吸作用控制水体p CO2的理论下限0.62,因此8、9月生物好氧呼吸作用对水体p CO2的贡献比较明显.从全年来看小浪底站和花园口站平均水-气CO2扩散通量分别为0.486μmol·(m2·s)-1和0.588μmol·(m2·s)-1;在水库正常调度期间花园口站水-气CO2扩散通量明显高于同期的小浪底站;在小浪底水库调水调沙期间两个水文站均表现为水库泄水期间的水-气CO2扩散通量明显低于水库排沙期间的水-气CO2扩散通量.     

Optimisation of chemical purification conditions for direct application of solid metal salt coagulants: Treatment of peatland-derived diffuse runoff

The drainage of peatland areas for peat extraction,agriculture or bioenergy requires affordable,simple and reliable treatment methods that can purify waters rich in particulates and dissolved organic carbon.This work focused on the optimisation of chemical purification process for the direct dosage of solid metal salt coagulants.It investigated process requirements of solid coagulants and the influence of water quality,temperature and process parameters on their performance.This is the first attempt to provide information on specific process requirements of solid coagulants.Three solid inorganic coagulants were evaluated:aluminium sulphate,ferric sulphate and ferric aluminium sulphate.Pre-dissolved aluminium and ferric sulphate were also tested with the objective of identifying the effects of in-line coagulant dissolution on purification performance.It was determined that the pre-dissolution of the coagulants had a significant effect on coagulant performance and process requirements.Highest purification levels achieved by solid coagulants,even at 30% higher dosages,were generally lower(5%-30%) than those achieved by pre-dissolved coagulants.Furthermore,the mixing requirements of coagulants pre-dissolved prior to addition differed substantially from those of solid coagulants.The pH of the water samples being purified had a major influence on coagulant dosage and purification efficiency.Ferric sulphate(70 mg/L) was found to be the best performing solid coagulant achieving the following load removals:suspended solids(59%-88%),total organic carbon(56%-62%),total phosphorus(87%-90%),phosphate phosphorus(85%-92%) and total nitrogen(33%-44%).The results show that the use of solid coagulants is a viable option for the treatment of peatland-derived runoff water if solid coagulant-specific process requirements,such as mixing and settling time,are considered.     

滇池柴河小流域暴雨径流氨氮的输移过程研究

氨氮通过暴雨径流的冲刷和土壤颗粒物的携带进入水体,对受纳河流、湖泊造成污染。以柴河小流域为单元,从输出源、输移过程、河道汇集过程这几个方面对2011年7、8月2场暴雨径流中的氨氮进行分析。结果表明:氨氮主要是吸附于土壤颗粒表面进行输移,所以土壤颗粒流失是氨氮流失控制的关键;氨氮浓度跟沉降时间的Pearson相关性均在-0.855(P<0.05)之上,呈显著负相关;2场暴雨中,均是颗粒物粒径小于0.000 8 mm的水样的氨氮浓度较大,说明粒径较小的颗粒物对氨氮的吸附量较大;氨氮的入河系数与污染源及输移过程氨氮含量的Pearson相关性在0.914(P<0.05)以上,说明入河系数与污染源及输移过程含量密切相关。氨氮的入河系数为0.12⁰.22,说明研究区域80%以上的氨氮被边坡、沟渠截留,效果良好,值得认真对待。     

循环式生物滤池处理城市地表径流的性能研究

对以木片为填料的塔式生物滤池配置循环装置,将其应用于处理城市地表径流污染.通过设置不同的循环次数,比较了循环操作对滤池性能的影响.研究结果表明:该循环式生物滤池在处理径流过程中存在适应驯化期,不同的污染物质其适应驯化时间不同.COD所需驯化时间最长,适应期内总入水水量达到装置空隙体积的8.5倍;NO3--N和TP适应期相当,总入水水量约为空隙体积的7.2倍;TSS与TN所需的时间最短,总入水水量约为空隙体积的5.3倍.该循环式生物滤池对TSS、COD、NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP的平均去除效率分别为86.2％、24.3％、11.1％、85.9％、37.7％和45.7％.循环操作对生物滤池的性能影响研究表明,TSS、NH4+-N与TP的去除随循环次数的增加而增加,TN与NO3--N的去除未明显影响.由于循环过程中部分有机质从木片中析出,使得有机物质(COD)的去除随循环次数的增加而降低.     

改造滤岸对城市降雨径流中氮磷去除的中试研究

选择煤渣、锯末、沸石、麦饭石、土壤和马尼拉草构建了城市河岸带改造滤岸中试模型,并对其去除城市降雨径流中氮磷污染物能力进行了研究.结果表明,改造滤岸对表面径流和下渗径流中NH4+-N和TP具有良好的净化效果和较强的去除能力;NH4+-N平均去除率分别为66.5％和83.7％,TP平均去除率分别为42.6％和96.2％,出水水质分别可达国家地表水Ⅳ类和Ⅲ类水标准,模型稳定后对表层径流和下渗径流中TN的去除率可达20％左右;模型对NH4+-N、TN和TP的处理负荷分别为634.1～1114.5 mg-m-2·h-1、102.2 ～594.2mg· m-2·h-1和20.6～ 209.0 mg·m-2· h-1,表面径流大于下渗径流.模型内碳源(锯末)以及其他介质的添加虽然能够提高氮的转化能力,但也会影响模型对TN的去除率;下凹断面和末端断面对氮磷的去除率和去除负荷间存在一定的差异,但随着模型的稳定其差异逐渐降低.模型对氮磷的处理负荷与入水氮磷浓度呈显著正相关,说明模型具有一定的抗冲击能力.     

低温复合条件下救灾帐篷环境适应性试验与评价

目的研究救灾帐篷性能受恶劣环境的影响。方法建立多灾复合环境试验平台,利用其平台开展救灾帐篷不同工况下的试验研究,探究不同环境下救灾帐篷内部热环境分布和保温性能的变化。结果帐篷内部热环境分层现象只发生在温度上升阶段,而在附加风载后,分层现象减弱,在下降阶段,各内表面温度变化情况表现基本一致,当附加雪载环境温度低于–10℃时,救灾帐篷的保温性变差。利用价值函数法建立了救灾帐篷耦合环境适应性评价指标体系,提出了风&低温、雨雪复合环境下救灾帐篷适应性评价方法,得出评价得分,并与试验结果相印证。结论低温复合环境下,帐篷内环境受外界影响较大,保温性能不佳,易出现“冷室效应”,应积极寻找新型材料改善帐篷在恶劣环境下的环境适应性。     

厦门市城市绿地雨洪减排效应评价

城市绿地在对雨水的渗透、滞留和调蓄方面具有非常显著的作用,能够有效削减城市的雨洪流量,缓解内涝压力.以海绵城市试点——厦门市为典型区,在日降雨数据、土地利用数据、土壤类型数据、城市绿地空间分布数据和城市建成区空间范围数据等多源数据的支撑下,系统评价了厦门市建成区城市绿地的雨洪减排效应.其中,雨洪减排效应的实物量通过SCS（Soil Conservation Service）模型进行评估,价值量则利用替代市场法进行估算.结果表明:2010年厦门市单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为262.28 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为4 385.40×104 m3,减排服务价值为2.75×108元;2015年单位城市绿地削减的雨洪径流深为335.77 mm,削减的雨洪径流总量为7 634.37×104 m3,减排服务价值为5.49×108元.城市绿地面积、降水量及其时程分配是影响城市绿地雨洪减排效应的关键因子,在其共同驱动下,2015年厦门市城市绿地的雨洪减排效应较2010年显著增加.研究显示,SCS模型在数据输入和参数率定等方面具有显著优势,能够在地理空间上连续模拟厦门市整个建成区的产流量,进而实现行政区单元和城市绿地类型单元雨洪减排效应的双重评价,3种城市绿地类型（乔木、灌木和草本）单位面积的雨洪减排效应并无明显差异,受绿地面积支配,厦门市80%的城市绿地雨洪减排效应由乔木绿地产生.