Advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China

China is at present experiencing a very rapid urbanization process, which has brought a number of adverse impacts upon the water environment. In particular, urban runoff quantity and quality control have emerged as one of the key concerns for municipal officials. One of the strategies being considered is the use of a Low Impact Development type of Best Management Practices (LID BMPs) for urban storm water runoff quantity and quality control. In this paper, the situation surrounding urban runoff control in China is reviewed first. Then the conventional strategy and technologies for the construction and management of urban drainage systems are discussed, while exploring their inherent dilemmas. The LID BMPs are then introduced to control urban runoff in the context of urban sustainable water systems. After the comprehensive analysis of the various LID BMPs, the advances in LID BMPs research and practice for urban runoff control in China are investigated and summarized. At last, the difficulties of implementing LID BMPs in China are discussed, and a direction for the future is proposed.     

雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的在线富集方法

利用一维离子色谱建立了高氯酸盐的在线富集方法,以期为建立定量检测南极雪冰中痕量高氯酸盐的离子色谱-串联质谱法奠定基础.选用高容量、强亲水性的IonPac AS20阴离子交换柱进行分离,以淋洗液自动发生器在线产生的KOH作为淋洗液,等梯度淋洗.考虑到南极雪冰样品量十分有限,选定5 mL为富集体积,对应的富集时间为10 min.高氯酸盐质量浓度在0.5—50μg.L-1范围内,方法具有良好的线性（相关系数为0.9995）,检出限（以S/N=3计）为0.05μg.L-1.将浓度为0.5μg.L-1的标准溶液连续11次富集进样,所得峰面积的相对标准偏差（RSD）为4.7%.以人工配制的仅含有高氯酸盐的溶液实施了加标回收实验,回收率在85%—108%之间.     

Changes in Avian and Plant Communities of Aspen Woodlands over 12 Years after Livestock Removal in the Northwestern Great Basin

Abstract: Riparian and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodlands are centers of avian abundance and diversity in the western United States, but they have been affected adversely by land use practices, particularly livestock grazing. In 1990, cattle were removed from a 112,500‐ha national wildlife refuge in southeastern Oregon. Thereafter, we monitored changes in vegetation and bird abundance in years 1–3 (phase 1) and 10–12 (phase 2) in 17 riparian and 9 snow‐pocket aspen plots. On each 1.5‐ha plot, we sampled vegetation in 6 transects. Three times during each breeding season, observers recorded all birds 50 m to each side of the plot's 150‐m centerline for 25 minutes. We analyzed data with multivariate analysis of variance and paired t tests with p values adjusted for multiple comparisons. In both periods, riparian and snow‐pocket aspen produced extensive regeneration of new shoots ( stems/ha and 7079 stems/ha, respectively). By phase 2, a 64% increase in medium‐diameter trees in riparian stands indicated successful recruitment into the overstory, but this pattern was not seen in snow‐pocket stands, where the density of trees was over 2 times greater. By phase 2 in riparian and snow‐pocket stands, native forb cover had increased by 68% and 57%, respectively, mesic shrub cover had increased by 29% and 58%, and sagebrush cover had decreased by 24% and 31%. Total avian abundance increased by 33% and 39% in riparian and snow‐pocket aspen, respectively, ground or understory nesters increased by 133% and 67% and overstory nesters increased by 34% and 33%. Similarly, ground or understory foragers increased by 25% and 32%, aerial foragers by 55% and 57%, and overstory foragers by 66% and 43%. We interpreted the substantial regeneration of aspen shoots, increased densities of riparian forbs and shrubs, and increased avian abundances as a multitrophic‐level response to the total removal of livestock and as substantial movement toward recovery of biological integrity.     

用修正RRL法计算城区径流雨水流量

随着我国城市化的发展,城市水文问题日益突出。城市排水、防洪和水污染等问题的解决,都有赖于城市降雨径流理论的发展和计算模型的改进。介绍了日本土木研究所创立的修正RRL法,并对该模型提出了改进的建议。     

基于SWAT模型的东江流域径流模拟

基于分布式水文模型SWAT以及SUFI-2 程序对东江流域进行了51 a(1960-2010 年)月径流模拟,并在此基础上讨论了东江流域水文过程的空间差异。模拟结果表明,河源站受新丰江水库影响,模拟结果不确定性较大,确定性系数R2和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数相对其他站点较低,龙川站、岭下站、博罗站R2和Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数皆满足模型适用性要求。流域出口博罗站率定期R2、Nash-Sutcliffe 效率系数分别为0.83、0.83,验证期为0.84、0.84,模型模拟精度较高。东江流域径流深主要受降水空间不均影响,形成由北向南先增后减的趋势。流域下垫面差异对产流过程也有一定影响。其中土壤含水量受土壤性质、人类活动等影响,由北向南差异明显;蒸散发量受植被覆盖影响亦较为明显,北部蒸散量占降雨量的比例大于中部及南部。     

太湖流域果园种植面源氮磷输出强度及其定量评估方法

以太湖流域上游地区无锡阳山地区果园种植典型区域为研究对象,通过现场试验,调查了果园种植面源氮磷输出动态变化过程,计算并分析了氮磷输出强度,构建了果园种植面源氮磷输出强度定量评估模型。结果表明:取样监测期间,果园种植径流及淋溶氮磷指标变化幅度均超过200%;果园种植面源氮磷径流输出强度与其淋溶输出的变化一致,径流总氮的输出强度最高(13.201 kg/hm~2),淋溶硝酸盐输出强度最大(4.077 kg/hm~2);所建立的评估方程能较好地反映降雨量等环境因素对果园种植面源氮磷径流及淋溶输出强度的影响情况,模拟方程的复相关系数均在0.9左右。     

Transferral of HMs pollution from road-deposited sediments to stormwater runoff during transport processes

Ratio of turbidity and TSS (Tur/TSS) was used to characterize PSD of stormwater particles. Pb and Zn preferred to accumulate in finer RDS, while Cu, Cr and Ni in coarser RDS. HMs pollution in stormwater particles increased linearly with Tur/TSS. Dissolvability of HMs and PSD variations contribute to the differences between RDS and stormwater. Stormwater runoff, derived from the wash-off of road-deposited sediments (RDS), contains elevated heavy metal (HM) concentrations and, thus, imposes an increasing threat to urban aquatic ecosystems. In-depth understanding of the variations of HMs pollution from RDS to stormwater during transport processes facilitates the development of effective RDS and stormwater control strategies. Toward this end, the distribution of HMs (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni) in RDS and stormwater were investigated simultaneously. The results show a preferential accumulation of Pb and Zn in the finer (<38.5 μm) RDS, and Cu, Cr and Ni in the coarser (38.5–150 μm) RDS. For stormwater, n.d.~48.6% of HMs fractionated into the dissolved phase, and stormwater particles constitute the primary carriers of HMs. Furthermore, the accumulation of HMs in stormwater particles increased linearly with finer particle size distributions (PSD). Geoaccumulation index (I_geo) highlighted the predominant pollution of both RDS and stormwater particles by Cu, Pb and Zn. Nonetheless, Cu, Pb, and Ni mostly contributed the potential ecological risk of RDS, whereas Cu, Pb, and Zn mainly contributed that of stormwater particles. Moreover, contamination by Cu, Pb and Zn was significantly higher in stormwater particles than that in RDS. These differences are attributable to the solubility and size-dependent accumulation of HMs in RDS, as well as the PSD variations during transport processes. The study outcomes highlight the importance of very fine (nano- and submicron- scale) RDS in stormwater pollution and the necessity of control.     

Hydrologic and water quality performance of a laboratory scale bioretention unit

A bioretention unit (BRU) or cell is a green infrastructure practice that is widely used as a low impact development (LID) technique for urban stormwater management. Bioretention is considered a good fit for use in China’s sponge city construction projects. However, studies on bioretention design, which incorporates site-specific environmental and social-economic conditions in China are still very much needed. In this study, an experimental BRU, consisted of two cells planted with Turf grass and Buxus sinica,was tested with eighteen synthesized storm events. Three levels (high, median, low) of flows and concentrations of pollutants (TN, TP and COD) were fed to the BRU and the performance of which was examined. The results showed that the BRU not only delayed and lowered the peak flows but also removed TN, TP and COD in various ways and to different extents. Under the high, medium and low inflow rate conditions, the outflow peaks were delayed for at least 13 minutes and lowered at least 52%. The two cells stored a maximum of 231 mm and 265 mm for turf grass and Buxus sinica, respectively. For both cells the total depth available for storage was 1,220 mm, including a maximum 110 mm deep ponding area. The largest infiltrate rate was 206 mm/h for both cells with different plants. For the eighteen events, TP and COD were removed at least 60% and 42% by mean concentration, and 65% and 49% by total load, respectively. In the reservoir layer, the efficiency ratio of removal of TN, TP and COD were 52%, 8% and 38%, respectively, within 5 days after runoff events stopped. Furthermore, the engineering implication of the hydrological and water quality performances in sponge city construction projects is discussed.

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绿色屋面降雨径流水质源汇特征及污染源解析

2016年4月—2017年10月对93场降雨事件绿色屋面径流、沥青屋面径流和干湿沉降进行采样分析,运用多元统计方法,基于径流水质浓度和污染负荷两种角度,重点揭示绿色屋面径流水质的源汇特征,识别绿色屋面对降雨径流的滞留能力及影响因素,探讨了绿色屋面径流的污染来源.结果表明：绿色屋面具有很好的径流滞留效果,平均径流滞留率达到53.4%.绿色屋面径流滞留率月变化受到降雨量的显著影响,表现为在丰水期7、8和10月径流滞留率（73.6%、80.9%和93.6%）小于枯水期4、5、11和12月滞留率（100%）.绿色屋面径流滞留率与降雨量和降雨历时表现出显著的负相关关系,与雨前干期相关性较弱.基于径流水质,绿色屋面显著增加了径流中EC、COD、TOC、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的浓度,是它们的污染源,但显著降低了径流中NH₄⁺-N和Zn的浓度,是它们的汇;基于污染负荷,绿色屋面仅是K⁺、Cl^-和SO₄^2-的污染源,是NH₄⁺-N和Zn的汇.绿色屋面存在4类污染源,即有机物和重金属源（来自于泥炭土和沥青油毡）、离子污染源（来自于泥炭土和蛭石）、物化污染源和营养物质污染源（来自于泥炭土和大气沉降）.研究结果可为绿色屋面的科学设计,管理和控制城市暴雨径流提供科学依据.     

湿润亚热带森林锰、铜、锌随降雨分配的迁移动态特征

为探究森林生态系统中重金属随降雨分配迁移的特征,连续观测两年降雨,对比分析Mn、Cu、Zn在穿透雨、树干茎流、地表径流中浓度、输出量、变异情况的差异,并讨论了重金属迁移规律的产生机制.结果表明,林型对雨水的再分配有较大影响.米槠次生林树干茎流水量极显著大于杉木人工成熟林,故前者树干茎流的重金属浓度低于后者;对于林内雨,穿透雨中重金属浓度在米槠次生林（阔叶林）更高,树干茎流中重金属浓度则在杉木人工成熟林（针叶林）更高.整体而言,林内雨的重金属浓度在旱季高于雨季,表现出明显的季节变化;林型对地表径流的影响较复杂,体现在植被类型、林龄、土壤理化性质等方面.本研究中,Mn随地表径流的输出量在米槠次生林显著大于其它3种林型;Zn在较大林龄的米槠次生林和杉木人工成熟林有更大的输出量;降雨分配过程中3种元素的浓度变异情况有所不同,表现为Mn变异最大,Zn次之,Cu最稳定.本研究结果对进一步了解森林生态系统中重金属的迁移特征提供了依据.