张家港西南片地区非点源的计算研究

采用以新安江蓄满产流理论为核心的太湖流域产流模型计算张家港西南片地区4种土地利用类型的产流量,与美国EPA开发、基于GIS的非点源模型PLOAD结合,探讨PLOAD模型在江苏南部平原地区非点源计算中的应用,重点讨论各种土地利用径流系数和PLOAD模型输入参数的选取。计算了1998～2002年该地区的非点源产污负荷,并分析产污规律和不同土地利用下非点源污染的空间分布规律。结果表明,非点源产污与降雨年际变化趋势基本一致,与降雨量和降雨强度有关;各种非点源产污量大小排序为:COD>总氮>氨氮>总磷;工矿用地和城镇等不透水区域非点源产污量最大,水旱轮作农田次之。     

高速公路降雨径流污染控制措施研究进展

随着高速公路的快速发展,路面降雨径流污染引起了越来越多的关注。文章结合近年来国内外路面径流污染控制措施研究进展,从工程和非工程措施两方面分析了国内外目前高速公路路面降雨径流污染治理措施的特点和适用条件,并提出了进一步研究的建议,为相关方面的研究和工程提供借鉴。     

鄂西北房县降雨侵蚀力的研究

雨滴高度对色斑直径有一定影响,实验率定色斑直径和雨滴直径的关系为d=0.478D0.610,依此作为研究滤纸色斑法的基础.根据从房县径流实验小区获得的2002-2005年的降雨和径流资料,建立了该地区R指标的最佳组合为E30·I30及R值与降雨量的关系,以月R值=2.766Pi 1.151为最好.     

哈尔滨市降雪中溶解性有机物光谱特性分析

研究雨雪中的溶解性有机物(DOM)将有利于把握其理化性质及其在生态系统中的行为和功能.本研究运用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)技术结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)、紫外-可见光谱技术(UV-vis),对哈尔滨市2018年3月1日降雪样品中DOM的光谱特性及来源进行解析.结果表明,降雪样品中DOM的相对分子质量较大,芳香构造...     

玉龙雪山冰川公园的旅游资源特色及其保护

本文总结了云南省玉龙雪山以现代冰川和古冰川遗迹为主的旅游资源特色,探讨了现代冰川和古冰川遗迹的旅游观赏价值,并结合全球气候变化的趋势,提出了保护冰雪旅游资源和建立国家冰川公园的建议     

MODELING DEVELOPED COASTAL WATERSHEDS WITH THE AGRICULTURAL NON-POINT SOURCE MODEL1

ABSTRACT: Many coastal states are facing increasing urban growth along their coast lines. The growth has caused urban non-point source nitrogen runoff to be a major contributor to coastal and estuarine enrichment. Water resource managers are responsible for evaluating the impacts from point and non-point sources in developed watersheds and developing strategies to manage future growth. Non-point source models provide an effective approach to these management challenges. The Agricultural Non-Point Source Model (AGNPS) permits the incorporation of important spatial information (soils, landuse, topography, hydrology) in simulating surface hydrology and nitrogen non-point source runoff. The AGNPS model was adapted for developed coastal watersheds by deriving urban coefficients that reflect urban landuse classes and the amount of impervious surface area. Popperdam Creek watershed was used for model parameter development and model calibration. Four additional watersheds were simulated to validate the model. The model predictions of the peak flow and total nitrogen concentrations were close to the field measurements for the five sub-basins simulated. Measured peak flow varied by 30 fold among the sub-basins. The average simulated peak flow was within 14 percent of the average measured peak flow. Measured total nitrogen loads varied over an order of magnitude among the sub-basins yet error between the measured and simulated loads for a given sub-basin averaged 5 percent. The AGNPS model provided better estimates of nitrogen loads than widely used regression methods. The spatial distribution of important watershed characteristics influenced the impacts of urban landuse and projecting future residential expansion on runoff, sediment and nitrogen yields. The AGNPS model provides a useful tool to incorporate these characteristics, evaluate their importance, and evaluate fieldscale to watershed-scale urban impacts.     

TRANSPORT OF DIAZINON IN THE SAN JOAQUIN RIVER BASIN,CALIFORNIA1

ABSTRACT: Most of the application of the organophosphate insecticide diazinon in the San Joaquin River Basin occurs in winter to control wood-boring insects in dormant almond orchards. A federalstate collaborative study found that diazinon accounted for most of the observed toxicity of San Joaquin River water in February 1993. Previous studies focused mainly on west-side inputs to the San Joaquin River. In this 1994 study, the three major east-side tributaries to the San Joaquin River - the Merced, Tuolumne, and Stanislaus rivers - and a downstream site on the San Joaquin River were sampled throughout the hydrographs of a late January and an early February storm. In both storms, the Tuolumne River had the highest concentrations of diazinon and transported the largest load of the three tributaries. The Stanislaus River was a small source in both storms. On the basis of previous storm sampling and estimated travel times, ephemeral west-side creeks probably were the main diazinon source early in the storms, whereas the Tuolumne and Merced rivers and east-side drainages directly to the San Joaquin River were the main sources later. Although 74 percent of diazinon transport in the San Joaquin River during 1991–1993 occurred in January and February, transport during each of the two 1994 storms was only 0.05 percent of the amount applied during preceding dry periods. Nevertheless, some of the diazinon concentrations in the San Joaquin River during the January storm exceeded 0.35 μ/L, a concentration shown to be acutely toxic to water fleas. On the basis of this study and previous studies, diazinon concentrations and streamflow are highly variable during January and February storms, and frequent sampling is required to evaluate transport in the San Joaquin River Basin.     

西藏那曲牧区雪灾区域危险度的模糊综合评价研究

在野外调查和分析的基础上,选取10月至次年5月的平均气温和平均降水,以及稳定的积雪日数、平均积雪深度、草场现有载畜量、冷季草地超载比例、冬储草量等7个因子为那曲地区雪灾区域危险度的评价因子,将模糊综合评价的数学模型应用于雪灾区域危险度的评判。以西藏那曲地区的5个县为例,具体介绍了雪灾区域危险度模糊综合评价的方法和步骤。     

DX—100型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定

本文介绍了ＤＸ－１００型离子色谱仪用于冰雪样品中阴,阳离子的测定,以东北五大连池地区白龙洞和水晶宫为例,介绍了阴,阳离子测定在分析化学物质来源和成冰过程中的重要作用。     

三峡库区来水流量与长江流域上游前期降水的关系研究

较为准确地预估三峡库区9月份来水流量,对于安全而有效地完成三峡水库蓄水任务具有重要的实用意义。通过相关分析,发现三峡库区9月的来水流量与长江流域（Yangtze River Valley,YRV）上游大多数气象站点的8月降水量有显著的正相关,据此定义了影响三峡库区来水流量的长江流域上游前期降水关键区。计算关键区内各气象站点8月降水量的算术平均值,并对比其与三峡库区9月三峡库区来水流量的年际变化,发现两者的变化较为一致,同样具有显著的正相关关系,因此长江流域上游前期降水关键区的8月降水量可以作为预估9月三峡库区来水流量的一个重要因子,这可以为三峡水库蓄水计划的制定提供一定的参考依据。还分析了相应的大气环流背景,发现三峡库区来水流量的多少与大气环流的变化具有密切的联系,即三峡库区来水流量偏少的年份,天气形势及水汽输送等因素都不利于降水过程的发生,进而可能导致三峡库区后期的来水流量偏少;相反地,在三峡库区来水流量高值年,天气形势和水汽输送都有利于降水过程的发生,使后期三峡库区来水流量偏多