成都市道路地表径流污染及对策

城市道路地表径流污染已经成为城市水体恶化的重要原因之一。2006年8月-11月,通过对成都市9条不同类型道路6次降雨径流水质的监测分析,探讨了成都市路面径流污染的现状、成都市道路地表径流的污染负荷及道路地表径流中污染物之间的相关性关系。结果表明,成都市道路地表径流中污染物SS、COD、TN、TP的含量高,浓度均超出地表水环境质量Ⅴ级标准。成都市道路地表径流的年污染负荷为LCOD=3.1×104t,LTN=1.19×104t,LTP=1174.9 t,LZn=109.46 t。SS浓度与污染物COD、TN、TP、Zn浓度之间存在较好的相关关系(R2>0.8)。可以通过控制径流系数、削减径流中的污染物含量和污染物总量控制3个方面的措施来进行道路地表径流污染的削减。     

城市小集水区降雨径流污染来源解析

利用深圳市王家庄集水区的降雨径流水质监测数据,运用正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）定量解析了单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染的主要来源。结果表明：研究区降雨径流的主要污染源为城市污水、管内沉积物和地表径流。其中城市污水以输出氨氮（NH3-N）和总氮（TN）为主,管内沉积物是化学需氧量（CODCr）、总磷（TP）和生化需氧量（BOD5）的主要来源,地表径流为固体悬浮物（SS）的主要来源。PMF模型可作为土地利用方式均一的单个城市小集水区降雨径流污染源解析的有效方法之一,主要污染源的廓线能否保持相对稳定是该模型在降雨径流污染源解析时的主要约束条件。     

城市降雨径流非点源污染分析与研究进展

城市降雨径流污染已经成为非点源污染的一个新生点，通过对城市降雨径流污染的概念、污染物来源及成分分析，系统地整理了有关国内外城市降雨径流污染研究的资料，为我国的城市降雨径流污染的研究提供科学的理论依据。     

川西高原积雪稳定性分布格局及其驱动因子分析

在气候变暖的背景下,川西高原积雪出现剧烈变化,对地区水循环过程、生态系统以及社会经济带来严重影响。基于MODIS积雪遥感数据以及环境因子数据,通过构建稳定度指标及最大熵模型探讨川西高原不同稳定性积雪的空间分布格局及其驱动因子,并对不同稳定性积雪的适宜分布区进行分析,结果表明：（1）川西高原大多数地区的积雪属于高度不稳定性积雪,其他稳定性积雪在川西高原分布面积较小;（2）川西高原积雪在海拔越高的地方稳定性越好;（3）不同稳定性积雪分布格局的影响因素存在差异,海拔和降水是影响稳定性积雪分布格局的主要因素。     

流量对三峡库区嘉陵江重庆主城段藻类生长的影响

对于三峡库区,大部分一级支流都具备产生富营养化的营养水平,在水温和光照等气候条件适宜藻类生长的3—5月,水文条件成为影响藻类生长繁殖和诱发富营养化的关键因素.3—5月恰是水库坝前泄水的消落时段,水文条件与一般的湖泊、河流和水库等显著不同. 针对三峡水库特殊的水文情势, 通过现场水质采样,应用质量守恒原理,研究了3—5月上游来水流量对嘉陵江重庆主城段藻类生长的影响. 结果表明:流量对河段的藻类密度和质量净增量有显著影响,3月因较低的来水流量和较小的大坝泄水量使藻类密度和质量净增量最大,5月当流量接近或超过历史同期水平时,河段的藻类质量净增量为负,而当流量偏枯较大时,藻类质量净增量为正.      

无实测资料河流环境容量核算中设计流量推求

水环境容量核算过程中,经常遇到小流域没有实测径流资料,或者有短期实测径流资料但又无法展延的情况,其设计流量只能通过间接途经来推求。文章以颖河流域为例,应用等值线图法、水文比拟法和径流系数法推算该流域的年径流量,相互验证和比较上述3种方法的推算结果,并将成果用于计算设计流量。结果表明,计算方法能满足水环境容量核算的精度要求。     

Conserving and managing the subnivium

In regions where snowfall historically has been a defining seasonal characteristic of the landscape, warming winters have reduced the depth, duration, and extent of snowpack. However, most management and conservation has focused on how aboveground wildlife will be affected by altered snow conditions, even though the majority of species that persist through the winter do so under the snowpack in a thermally stable refugium: the subnivium. Shortened winters, forest management practices, and winter recreation can alter subnivium conditions by increasing snow compaction and compromising thermal stability at the soil–snow interface. To help slow the loss of the subnivium in the face of rapidly changing winter conditions, we suggest managers adopt regional conservation plans for identifying threatened snow‐covered environments; measure and predict the effects land cover and habitat management has on local subnivium conditions; and control the timing and distribution of activities that disturb and compact snow cover (e.g., silvicultural practices, snow recreation, and road and trail maintenance). As a case study, we developed a spatially explicit model of subnivium presence in a working landscape of the Chequamegon National Forest, Wisconsin. We identified landscapes where winter recreation and management practices could threaten potentially important areas for subnivium persistence. Similar modeling approaches could inform management decisions related to subnivium conservation. Current climate projections predict that snow seasons will change rapidly in many regions, and as result, we advocate for the immediate recognition, conservation, and management of the subnivium and its dependent species.     

Runoff variation affected by precipitation change and human activity in Hailiutu River basin,China

For recent years,runoff generation and hydrological processes in Hailiutu River basin have been greatly changed by climate change and human activity,especially water and soil conservation construction.In this study,the trends in precipitation,evapotranspiration(ET)and river runoff as well as the effects of precipitation change and human activity on runoff variation have been studied.The results showed that during 1960-2000,annual precipitation and river runoff,monthly precipitation and ET in September and October as well as monthly runoff in all months showed a significant decrease.In addition,peak flow and base flow had a large decrease.Under the joint influence of precipitation change and human activity,the mean annual runoff decreased by 35 million m3 from the baseline period(1960-1985)to the change period(1986-2000),which accounted for 60.9%and 39.1%of the total runoff decrease,respectively.Precipitation change played a primary role in the decrease of annual runoff whereas human activity,particularly water and soil conservation construction,also had remarkable impacts on runoff variation.     

The Effect of Rain and Runoff When Assessing Timing of Manure Application and Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff1

Vadas, Peter A., William E. Jokela, Dory H. Franklin, and Dinku M. Endale, 2011. The Effect of Rain and Runoff When Assessing Timing of Manure Application and Dissolved Phosphorus Loss in Runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):877‐886. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00561.x Abstract: A significant pathway of nonpoint source, agricultural phosphorus (P) transport is surface runoff, to which surface‐applied manure can contribute. Increasing the time between manure application and the first rain‐runoff event is proposed as a practice to reduce runoff P loss. Few studies have investigated this aspect of manure P loss in runoff, with mixed results. Studies observing a decrease in runoff P as the time between application and the first rain‐runoff attribute the decrease to adsorption of manure P by soil and manure drying effects, but do not consider the effect of storm hydrology on runoff P. We ran the manure P runoff model SurPhos with data from nine published studies that investigated the effect of time between application and the first rain event on runoff P. SurPhos successfully simulated the experimental conditions in the studies and predicted runoff P loss. Simulation results suggest soil adsorption of manure P is not the dominant mechanism that will significantly decrease manure P availability to runoff. Rather, regardless of when the first rain‐runoff event occurs, storm hydrology will significantly affect manure P loss in runoff. Although model scenarios indicate that increasing the time between manure application and the first rain‐runoff event will typically decrease P loss in runoff, runoff P could be equal to or greater 30 days after application than the day after application if a more intense rain and runoff event occurs at the latter date.     

乌鲁木齐河源冰川径流中总可]溶性固体和悬浮颗粒物的特征及影响因素分析

通过对天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川进行连续4年(2004-2007年)冰川融水径流观测取样,应用数理统计、不同参数和模型比较等方法,对径流中总可溶性固体(TDS)和悬浮颗粒物(SPM)的特征及影响因素进行分析研究.结果表明,总体上冰川区径流中TDS和SPM与其它区域相比浓度较低,且随时间变化明显.TDS年际变化较小,年内变...