Conservation Success as a Function of Good Alignment of Social and Ecological Structures and Processes

How to create and adjust governing institutions so that they align (fit) with complex ecosystem processes and structures across scales is an issue of increasing concern in conservation. It is argued that lack of such social‐ecological fit makes governance and conservation difficult, yet progress in explicitly defining and rigorously testing what constitutes a good fit has been limited. We used a novel modeling approach and data from case studies of fishery and forest conservation to empirically test presumed relationships between conservation outcomes and certain patterns of alignment of social‐ecological interdependences. Our approach made it possible to analyze conservation outcome on a systems level while also providing information on how individual actors are positioned in the complex web of social‐ecological interdependencies. We found that when actors who shared resources were also socially linked, conservation at the level of the whole social‐ecological system was positively affected. When the scales at which individual actors used resources and the scale at which ecological resources were interconnected to other ecological resources were aligned through tightened feedback loops, conservation outcome was better than when they were not aligned. The analysis of individual actors’ positions in the web of social‐ecological interdependencies was helpful in understanding why a system has a certain level of social‐ecological fit. Results of analysis of positions showed that different actors contributed in very different ways to achieve a certain fit and revealed some underlying difference between the actors, for example in terms of actors’ varying rights to access and use different ecological resources. El Éxito de la Conservación como Función de una Buena Alineación de Estructuras y Procesos Sociales y Ecológicos     

Successes and Challenges from Formation to Implementation of Eleven Broad‐Extent Conservation Programs

Integration of conservation partnerships across geographic, biological, and administrative boundaries is increasingly relevant because drivers of change, such as climate shifts, transcend these boundaries. We explored successes and challenges of established conservation programs that span multiple watersheds and consider both social and ecological concerns. We asked representatives from a diverse set of 11 broad‐extent conservation partnerships in 29 countries 17 questions that pertained to launching and maintaining partnerships for broad‐extent conservation, specifying ultimate management objectives, and implementation and learning. Partnerships invested more funds in implementing conservation actions than any other aspect of conservation, and a program's context (geographic extent, United States vs. other countries, developed vs. developing nation) appeared to substantially affect program approach. Despite early successes of these organizations and benefits of broad‐extent conservation, specific challenges related to uncertainties in scaling up information and to coordination in the face of diverse partner governance structures, conflicting objectives, and vast uncertainties regarding future system dynamics hindered long‐term success, as demonstrated by the focal organizations. Engaging stakeholders, developing conservation measures, and implementing adaptive management were dominant challenges. To inform future research on broad‐extent conservation, we considered several challenges when we developed detailed questions, such as what qualities of broad‐extent partnerships ensure they complement, integrate, and strengthen, rather than replace, local conservation efforts and which adaptive management processes yield actionable conservation strategies that account explicitly for dynamics and uncertainties regarding multiscale governance, environmental conditions, and knowledge of the system? Éxitos y Retos de la Formación a la Implementación de Once Programas de Conservación de Amplio Alcance     

Practical Science Communication Strategies for Graduate Students

Development of skills in science communication is a well‐acknowledged gap in graduate training, but the constraints that accompany research (limited time, resources, and knowledge of opportunities) make it challenging to acquire these proficiencies. Furthermore, advisors and institutions may find it difficult to support graduate students adequately in these efforts. The result is fewer career and societal benefits because students have not learned to communicate research effectively beyond their scientific peers. To help overcome these hurdles, we developed a practical approach to incorporating broad science communication into any graduate‐school time line. The approach consists of a portfolio approach that organizes outreach activities along a time line of planned graduate studies. To help design the portfolio, we mapped available science communication tools according to 5 core skills essential to most scientific careers: writing, public speaking, leadership, project management, and teaching. This helps graduate students consider the diversity of communication tools based on their desired skills, time constraints, barriers to entry, target audiences, and personal and societal communication goals. By designing a portfolio with an advisor's input, guidance, and approval, graduate students can gauge how much outreach is appropriate given their other commitments to teaching, research, and classes. The student benefits from the advisors’ experience and mentorship, promotes the group's research, and establishes a track record of engagement. When graduate student participation in science communication is discussed, it is often recommended that institutions offer or require more training in communication, project management, and leadership. We suggest that graduate students can also adopt a do‐it‐yourself approach that includes determining students’ own outreach objectives and time constraints and communicating these with their advisor. By doing so we hope students will help create a new culture of science communication in graduate student education. Estrategias Prácticas para la Comunicación Científica para Estudiantes de Posgrado     

轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究现状

随着快速轨道交通的发展,轨道交通运行所带来的振动影响越来越严重,而已有的轨道交通运行引起的场地振动实测研究,大多集中在列车速度较低的情况下,已无法解决现行问题.本文通过对轨道交通运行引起的场地振动的现场测试进行评述,总结了目前该实测研究中存在的问题,提出尚需进一步研究的建议.今后的研究需综合分析各种因素对地面振动和地基...     

非均质软基上桶形基础承载性能有限元分析

作为海洋平台的基础部分,桶形基础不仅承受海洋平台结构及自身重量等竖向荷载的长期作用,而且往往还遭受波浪等所产生的水平荷载及力矩等其它荷载分量的作用.因此,确定软基上桶形基础在竖向荷载(V)、水平荷载(H)和力矩(M)等共同作用下的承载特性,建立其在复合加载模式下的破坏包络面,并进而依此评价海洋平台基础及地基的稳定性,是...     

水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形影响的研究

赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物与固体颗粒相互胶结,增加了沉积物的强度,一旦水合物分解,会引起沉积物剪切强度降低,如果在含有水合物层上面或附近存在桩基础,必然影响其稳定性.本文采用应力释放法,通过数值计算,分别讨论了桩基础底部位于含水合物地层不同深度时,水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形的影响规律.计算结果表明,随着水合物分...     

砂卵石地层桩锚支护结构稳定性实例研究

在城市中进行深基坑开挖,其稳定性至关重要。为研究砂卵石地层深基坑开挖过程中桩锚支护结构的稳定性问题,采用FLAC3D对其进行了三维模型计算分析,分析了不同开挖阶段桩锚支护体系的变形特性,以及基坑土体位移的变化情况,并与实测结果进行比较,研究了土体压力、桩体内力、锚索拉力与桩体水平位移的关系。结果表明：砂卵石地层在一定深度处存在＂自立拱＂效应,同时,可以对锚索进行有效的锚固,从而对桩体内力、变形起到有效的控制作用,保证基坑的稳定性。数值分析与实测结果相吻合,说明数值计算模型合理,结果可靠。     

环境正义研究前沿及其启示

环境正义不仅是重大的现实问题,也是不同学科和领域研究的焦点。通过对国内环境正义研究文献的梳理,比较分析环境正义所涉学科、内容和方法后发现：环境正义研究呈现出多学科视角、多元化主题和学科交叉趋势,但研究体系不够完善,缺乏理论创新;亟待构建中国特色环境正义理论体系和分析框架,总结中国环境正义研究案例和解决模式;环境正义概念多而不统一,混杂而不明确,需进一步厘清和辨明;考虑多维内涵、多重维度和多维原则,建构和完善环境正义概念体系;环境正义问题主要表现在多尺度区域和多类型群体两个层面,环境强势群体（区域）与弱势群体（区域）的环境权责不对等是焦点;城乡环境正义问题广受关注,需加强经济弱势地区和环境弱势地区环境正义研究;解决环境正义问题的政策措施缺乏系统性考量和可操作性,在具体的社会文化和地方情境中探讨环境正义及其解决之道是重点;按照问题的轻重缓急,分区域分群体逐步消除环境不正义;环境正义评价标准欠缺,不同学科数据和方法交叉融合不足。未来环境正义研究的重点和难点在于：建构一个问题导向的、跨学科交叉的环境正义理论框架;精确表征和测度环境（不）正义;模拟多尺度、多主体的环境正义演变过程;基于地方性加强环境正义的典型案例研究。     

试论清代宁夏地区灾荒发生的社会成因

清代宁夏地区是全国灾荒最严重的地区之一,灾荒的发生有其自然成因,但社会成因更为重要.环境破坏、粮储不足、吏治腐败、战乱频发等社会因素使人民丧失了抵抗灾荒的能力,人民饥馑潦倒,政府财政窘困,最终导致灾荒频发.