流域社会经济与水环境质量耦合协调度分析

从经济发展、社会发展、环境保护等方面构建耦合协调评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定指标权重,利用力学平衡模型,对闽江流域各个地区2006~2016年耦合协调程度进行评估.结果表明：三明、南平、福州市的经济发展水平、社会发展水平、环境保护水平总体上均呈现逐年递增的趋势,在空间上大体表现为福州 > 三明 >≈南平.三明、南平、福州等地区的耦合协调度总体上呈现递增趋势,在空间上表现为福州>三明≈南平.从时间变化看,可以将闽江流域耦合协调度划分成3个阶段：阶段I （2006~2009年）、阶段Ⅱ （2009~2013年）、阶段Ⅲ （2013~2016年）.根据闽江流域各地区耦合协调度偏离方向θ的大小,将闽江流域各地区不同年限的耦合协调发展划分为环境保护滞后型（I象限）、经济发展滞后型（Ⅱ象限）、社会发展滞后型（Ⅲ象限）,并对不同滞后类型分别提出改进方向.     

内蒙古气温变暖停滞对其影响因子变化的响应

采用中心聚类、M-K检验等方法,以内蒙古地区为例,利用全球Pacific Decadal Oscillation（PDO）、Multivariate ENSO Index（MEI）等大空间尺度数据以及内蒙古及其周边70个气象站1951~2016年平均最低气温、平均气温、平均最高气温、风速、大气压等站点数据,定性、定量揭示变暖停滞的变化特征及其对影响因子变化的响应.结果表明：研究区各分区3类气温在1981~1993年间发生升温突变,此后1998~2008年间陆续发生变暖停滞.不同类型气温在不同分区与各影响因子的相关性优劣有所不同,如平均最低气温与AMO、PDO、MEI、太阳总辐射、风速、大气压的相关性最好,平均气温次之,平均最高气温最差;西部区气温与AMO、PDO、MEI、太阳总辐射相关性较好,中部区气温则与AMO、风速相关性较好等.整体上,1990s~2000s,随各分区AMO上升驱缓、PDO处于正位相阶段但呈下降趋势或处于负位相时、MEI值与太阳总辐射下降、风速、大气压、相对湿度的持续下降/上升及之后的趋势转变,各分区气温发生变暖停滞,如当AMO开始整体进入上升趋缓阶段,风速持续减小8~13a,倾向率达到-0.26~-0.11m/（s·10a）时,平均气温发生变暖停滞.平均最低气温对3类影响因子变化的响应最敏感,平均气温次之.气温变暖停滞是多种影响因子共同作用的结果.本研究丰富了该方面研究成果,对气候变化研究及防灾减灾等有一定借鉴意义.     

Fe(VI)/CaO2双氧化体系降解水环境中的DMP

研究了高铁酸盐（Fe（VI））/过氧化钙（CaO₂）联合处理对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）的降解性能及机理,分析了共存离子的影响.基于响应面方法中的Box-Behnken实验设计进行了多因素实验,采用二次多项式和逐步回归法拟合了DMP去除率与Fe（VI）投加量、CaO₂投加量和反应时间之间的关系,对实验条件进行了优化分析.结果表明,在初始pH值为中性条件下,Fe（VI）/CaO₂可以有效去除DMP,降解过程符合准一级动力学模型.当Fe（VI）/CaO₂/DMP物质的量比为1.1/4.4/1时,模型预测DMP最大降解率为95.57%,和验证实验得出的降解率90.14%相近,表明该响应面模型具有较好的模拟和预测能力.HCO₃^-和Mg²⁺对DMP的降解有一定抑制作用.自由基清除实验结果显示,羟基自由基（HO·）和超氧自由基（O₂^-·）对DMP的降解具有重要贡献,表明Fe（VI）和CaO₂可形成类芬顿试剂协同降解污染物.DMP的主要降解途径包括酯基水解、侧链氧化和苯环的羟基化;主要降解产物为邻苯二甲酸单甲酯,2,5-二羟基苯甲酸,间苯二甲酸,草酸等.     

Contribution of the Kodama and 4S pathways to the dibenzothiophene biodegradation in different coastal wetlands under different C/N ratios

Dibenzothiophene (DBT) degradation mechanisms and the transformation of pathways during the incubation of three types of coastal sediments with C/N ratios ranging from 1 to 9 were investigated. The DBT degradation efficiencies were clearly improved with increasing C/N ratio in reed wetland sediments, tidal wetlands sediments and estuary wetland sediments. The quantitative response relationships between DBT degradation rates and related functional genes demonstrate that the Kodama pathway-related gene groups were dominant factors at low C/N ratios, while the 4S-related gene groups mainly determined the degradation rate when the C/N ratio was up to 5. Network analysis also shows that the pathway shifts from the Kodama pathway to the 4S pathway occurred through changes in the connections between functional genomes and rates. Furthermore, there were competition and collaboration between the Kodama and 4S pathways. The 4S pathway-related bacteria were more active in estuary wetland sediments compared with reed wetland sediments and tidal wetland sediments. The higher degradation efficiency in estuary wetland sediments may indicate the greater participation of the 4S pathway in the DBT biodegradation reaction. And the effects of ring cleavage of Kodama pathway caused more complete metabolizing of DBT.     

低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法研究

目的研究低成本高效慢速烤燃试验方法。方法利用自主研发的一套慢速烤燃试验装置,以1℃/min和3.3℃/h升温程序作为对比试验,设置几种三阶段升温程序,对JBO-9013和JH-14炸药进行慢速烤燃试验,以此获得不同升温程序下试样的响应温度和响应等级。结果 1℃/min、3.3℃/h、三阶段(100/150/193℃)升温程序下,JBO-9013响应温度分别为243.1、199.5、199.8、201.4、193.0℃,响应等级均为燃烧反应;JH-14响应温度分别为211.0、186.0、191.7℃,响应等级均为爆轰反应。结论升温程序对JBO-9013和JH-14响应温度和响应剧烈程度均有影响。与GJB8018—2013中1℃/min升温程序相比,三阶段升温程序与MIL-STD-2105D和STANAG 4439中3.3℃/h烤燃试验结果吻合度较高。因此,三阶段升温程序具有缩短试验周期、提高试验效率和降低试验成本的作用。     

湖南慈利马尾松树轮宽度对气候的响应及1854年以来冬季极端低温重建

利用采自湖南慈利的马尾松树轮样本,建立研究区的标准树轮宽度年表。树轮气候响应分析发现:马尾松径向生长与月最大日降水量在生长季之前部分月份显著负相关(p0.05),在生长季之内部分月份显著正相关(p0.05),与月平均温度、月平均最低温度、月极端最低温度在生长季之前和之内大多月份均显著正相关(p0.05),其中与上一年11月到当年2月(冬季)的平均极端最低温度相关最好(r=0.62,p0.01)。重建了湖南慈利地区1854年以来冬季极端最低温度,重建气温在十年尺度上表现出明显的反"S"型,1854—1916年和1981—2015年处于暖冬时期,1917—1980年处于寒冬时期。此外,共发现29个寒冬年,其中包括3个寒冬时段,分别为1922—1925年、1927—1930年和1953—1960年,其中1953—1960年是自1854年以来最冷的时段。空间相关性分析表明重建序列可以指示我国中东部的冬季低温变化,而冬季低温可能与热带印度洋、西太平洋海温变化异常有关。     

基于响应曲面法的臭氧生成敏感性分析

准确判断臭氧(O₃)生成敏感性对O₃污染成因分析和防控对策的制定至关重要.首次利用响应曲面方法设计最优试验方案,基于盒子模式模拟结果,快速量化O₃对其前体物变化的响应.结果表明,CO对O₃有正贡献,NO_x和VOCs与O₃呈现显著非线性关系,当φ(VOCs)与[φ(NO_x)-13.75]比值大于4.17时,为NO_x控制区,小于4.17时,为VOCs控制区;烯烃为影响O₃生成的关键VOCs组分,当φ(烯烃)与[φ(NO_x)-15]比值小于1.10且φ(烯烃)<35×10^-9时,烯烃有利于O₃的生成.响应曲面法在多因素和其交互作用对O₃生成影响的研究中取得了良好效果,为高效判断O₃敏感性提供了新的思路和方法.     

社会发展与经济发展的关系

本文回顾了社会发展思想的历史,指出了社会发展的多重涵义,并主张从微观上对社会发展进行考察,并指出社会发展是以人类潜能的发挥为基础,以人的发展和幸福为标志的社会状态。本文还考察了近半个世纪以来人类对社会发展与经济发展关系的种种理解和实际处理方式,指出了其偏误,分析了影响社会发展与经济发展相协调的障碍因素,以及这一关系的发展前景——走向现代整合。     

Effects of Light Zenith Angle Variation on Spectral Responses of a Water Body’s Environmental Quality

The effect of light source zenith angle (θ_z) variation on the spectral reflectance measurement from sediment-laden water was studied in the laboratory using a spectroradiometer. Light source zenith angle in addition to sediment characteristics and concentration play a dominant role in affecting the reflectance characteristics of a suspension. With an increase in θ_z values, an increase in spectral reflectance is observed. The spectral reflectance characteristics of a water body also increase with the sediment concentration for all soil types and at all wavelengths. Empirical relationships between the spectral reflectance, suspended sediment concentration, and the light source zenith angle have been developed. Such a remote sensing technique for monitoring the concentration of the suspended sediment and their characteristics is a useful tool for economical estimation of a large water body’s quality related parameters vis-a-vis its environmental quality.Retd. Professor of Environmental Engineering & Pollution Control, Presently Residing at Makkhan Kutir, Bhargava Lane, Devpura, Haridwar-249401, India.Former Ph.D. student.     

Achieving Integrative, Collaborative Ecosystem Management

Abstract:  Although numerous principles have been identified as being important for successfully integrating social and ecological factors in collaborative management, few authors have illustrated how these principles are used and why they are effective. On the basis of a review of the ecosystem management and collaboration literature, we identified eight factors important for integrative, collaborative ecosystem management—integrated and balanced goals, inclusive public involvement, stakeholder influence, consensus group approach, collaborative stewardship, monitoring and adaptive management, multidisciplinary data, and economic incentives.We examined four cases of successful ecosystem management to illustrate how the factors were incorporated and discuss the role they played in each case's success. The cases illustrate that balancing social and ecosystem sustainability goals is possible. Collaborative efforts resulted in part from factors aimed at making plans economically feasible and from meaningful stakeholder participation in ongoing management. It also required participation in monitoring programs to ensure stakeholder interests were protected and management efforts were focused on agreed-upon goals. Data collection efforts were not all-inclusive and systematic; rather, they addressed the ecological, economic, and social aspects of key issues as they emerged over time. Economic considerations appear to be broader than simply providing economic incentives; stakeholders seem willing to trade some economic value for recreational or environmental benefits. The cases demonstrate that it is not idealistic to believe integrative, collaborative ecosystem management is possible in field applications.