还原沉淀法处理含铬废水

在传统化学沉淀法的基础上处理含铬废水,采用还原沉淀法。首先调节pH值到3.0左右,用工业焦亚硫酸钠(Na2S2O5)还原剂,对Cr6+进行还原,最后用NaOH调节pH至8.5~9.0,使有害离子沉淀,废水达标排放。本工艺简单易行,在一定程度上避免了常见传统工艺的不足之处。     

杭州城市及其边缘区湿地磷化学特征的研究

对杭州城市及其边缘区湿地土壤的磷形态组成、固磷能力和释放潜力等方面进行了初步的研究。结果表明,杭州城市及边缘地区的湿地由于受人类影响的不同及所处环境的差异,性质已有很大的分异。城区的西湖、水塘和河流底泥中磷的积累、磷的饱和度和零吸附磷平衡浓度均明显高于城市边缘地区的湿地;湿地土壤中的磷主要呈不稳定、或亚稳定态,可提取态磷约占总磷的80%,62%的湿地土壤磷饱和度在25%以上。最大磷吸附量的大小主要与湿地中无定形氧化铁、铝含量有关。零吸附时磷的浓度(EPC)较高,在0.10~2.48mg·L-1之间,具有较强的释放潜力。半透膜渗析法测得的磷释放量与磷积累呈正相关,但当磷饱和度超过25%时,其磷释放量显著增加。研究表明杭州市及其边缘区湿地土壤磷已普遍达到较高水平,这在一定程度上影响磷净化功能的正常发挥。     

SAS/IPPA/AA三元共聚物对碳酸钙阻垢性能的研究

以水为溶剂,过硫酸铵为引发剂,丙烯磺酸钠、异丙烯膦酸和丙烯酸为单体,合成了三元共聚物丙烯磺酸钠/异丙烯膦酸/丙烯酸(SAS/ IPPA/AA),研究了共聚物在不同水质条件下对CaCO3的阻垢性能,探讨了共聚物浓度、pH值、钙离子浓度、碳酸根离子浓度和温度等条件对CaCO3的阻垢性能的影响,结果显示,在共聚物用量为18mg·l-1时,可使阻垢率达到100%.     

蔬菜地土壤磷提取及模拟径流中磷素潜在流失的影响

蔬菜地磷素流失是一种典型农业非点源污染类型。通过观测地表径流中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)可以监测土壤磷素流失程度。受到各种客观条件的限制,这两个指标比较难于获取,而土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)可以通过常规分析手段获取。本文选取27个典型蔬菜样地,分析测定各样地土壤中的总磷(TP)、Olsen(OP)、Mehlich-1(M-1P)和水溶性磷(Pw)四个磷提取变量,采用了经典方法计算土壤磷流失潜能指标——磷吸持饱和度(DPS)。同时采用模拟径流实验得出典型蔬菜样地地表径流样中溶解态反应磷(DRP)、生物可利用磷(BAP)。结果表明:M-1P、Pw与DPS呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别达到了0.85和0.74(p<0.01);而M-1P、Pw与DRP浓度相关系数(r2=0.843和0.786,p<0.01)大于TP、OP与DRP浓度的相关系数(r2=0.554和0.722,p<0.01)。结论认为,通过测定M-1P、Pw和计算DPS能比较准确、便捷地预测土壤径流磷素流失风险程度。     

二氧化硫衍生物引起大鼠血管舒张的细胞信号转导途径

探讨二氧化硫(SO2)及其衍生物(Na2SO3/NaHSO3)引起大鼠血管舒张作用与细胞信号转导的关系.采用放射免疫分析技术测定不同浓度SO2衍生物染毒组和正常组大鼠胸主动脉血管环中环磷酸腺苷(cAMP)、环磷酸鸟苷(cGMP)及前列环素(PGI2)和血栓素(TXA2)的代谢产物6酮前列腺素F1α(6KetoPGF1α)和血栓素B2(TXB2)的浓度,以及腺苷酸环化酶(AC)活性.结果表明:①在离体大鼠胸主动脉血管中,cAMP和6KetoPGF1α的含量随二氧化硫衍生物浓度的增高而显著升高,且呈一定的剂量效应关系;②AC活性也随SO2衍生物浓度的增高而增高;③而cGMP的含量在SO2衍生物各浓度组均略微降低,但只有4mmol/L组降低显著;cAMP/cGMP比值在各浓度组与正常对照组(CK)相比均有显著性升高;④TXB2的含量在各浓度组均无明显变化;但6Keto/TXB2比值显著升高.试验得出,SO2衍生物作用于血管组织产生PGI2,后者通过激活AC使胞内cAMP增高,即通过PGI2—AC—cAMP信号转导途径引起血管舒张,血压下降.表2参13     

The evolution of female social relationships in nonhuman primates

Considerable interspecific variation in female social relationships occurs in gregarious primates, particularly with regard to agonism and cooperation between females and to the quality of female relationships with males. This variation exists alongside variation in female philopatry and dispersal. Socioecological theories have tried to explain variation in female-female social relationships from an evolutionary perspective focused on ecological factors, notably predation and food distribution. According to the current “ecological model”, predation risk forces females of most diurnal primate species to live in groups; the strength of the contest component of competition for resources within and between groups then largely determines social relationships between females. Social relationships among gregarious females are here characterized as Dispersal-Egalitarian, Resident-Nepotistic, Resident-Nepotistic-Tolerant, or Resident-Egalitarian. This ecological model has successfully explained differences in the occurrence of formal submission signals, decided dominance relationships, coalitions and female philopatry. Group size and female rank generally affect female reproduction success as the model predicts, and studies of closely related species in different ecological circumstances underscore the importance of the model. Some cases, however, can only be explained when we extend the model to incorporate the effects of infanticide risk and habitat saturation. We review evidence in support of the ecological model and test the power of alternative models that invoke between-group competition, forced female philopatry, demographic female recruitment, male interventions into female aggression, and male harassment. Not one of these models can replace the ecological model, which already encompasses the between-group competition. Currently the best model, which explains several phenomena that the ecological model does not, is a “socioecological model” based on the combined importance of ecological factors, habitat saturation and infanticide avoidance. We note some points of similarity and divergence with other mammalian taxa; these remain to be explored in detail. Received: 30 September 1996 / Accepted after revision: 20 July 1997     

五氯酚及其钠盐中氯代二恶英类分析

采用ＨＰＬＣ和ＧＣ／ＭＳ的方法，对国产ＰＣＰ及其钠盐中的ＰＣＤＤｓ，ＰＣＤＦｓ进行了分析。测定了所有２，３，７，８－取代同系物。此外，还根据各ＣＤＤｓ，ＣＤＦｓ的毒性当量因于ＴＥＦｓ，计算了其毒性当量Ｉ－ＴＥＱｓ，分别为１４２，９２ｎｇ．ｇ＾－１。在前述基础上，仨算了由于ＰＣＰ及其钠盐的应用，引起的ＰＣＤＤｓ，ＰＣＤＦｓ环境输入。约为２４０ｋｇ／ａ。     

氟乙酸钠的衍生化GC—NPD测定方法

氟乙酸钠的分析鉴定，有助于中毒病人的论断与救治，本文建立了一种氟乙酸钠的衍生化、ＧＣ－ＮＰＤ测定方法，用正交设计法选择了衍生化条件和色谱测定条件，考查了中毒治疗药物和一些有机酸的干扰情况。将该方法用于血、尿样品外加氟乙酸钠的测定，考查了血、尿样品中氟乙酸钠测定的线性范围、最低检测限、精密度。     

丁二酸钠对氯化钙和水玻璃溶液的渗透性影响

采用正向渗透试验方法测定了氯化钙和水玻璃溶液添加丁二酸钠后溶液在粉尘介质中的渗透规律。该研究结果可有效利用氯化钙和水玻璃进行固土抑尘。     

钙基膨润土钠化改型的影响因素探讨

在自然界,钙基膨润土的资源量大,钠基膨润土的资源量小。前者物化性能和使用效果差,一般均须用人工钠化改型来提高其物化性能和使用效果。研究认为,钠化效果受膨润土自身质量、钠化改型剂、钠化改型剂添加量、钠化时间和钠化工艺等诸多因素影响。