SUMMA罐采样-GC×GC-TOFMS同时测定空气中有机硫化物

研究了SUMMA罐采样-全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法测定环境空气中有机硫化物。采用SUMMA罐采集样品,自动进样器进样,三级冷阱预浓缩样品,全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法(GC×GC-TOFMS)测试分析,以较长的非极性柱Rxi-5MS(30 m×320μm×1.0μm)作为第一维柱,较短的中等极性柱DB-17MS(2.0 m×0.1 mm×0.1μm)作为第二维柱,对环境空气中的有机硫化物进行了定性定量分析。结果表明,该方法特性不仅满足方法学要求,而且比《空气和废气监测分析方法》(第4版)推荐的方法更加优异,能够准确、快速地检测环境空气中有机硫化物。     

Ag+-Cl--荧光素体系的离子缔合纳米微粒的共振非线性散射光谱及其在环境分析中的应用

在pH 3.5~4.4的醋酸盐缓冲溶液中, Ag⁺与Cl^-离子反应形成AgCl。当Ag⁺离子适当过量时,AgCl能与Ag⁺结合形成[AgCl·Ag]⁺阳离子,它能借静电引力和疏水作用力与荧光素一价阴离子(HL^-)反应形成离子缔合物[(AgCl·Ag)HL],该疏水性的离子缔合物能在水相挤压作用和范德华力的作用下彼此靠近而进一步聚集,形成平均粒径约为20 nm的纳米微粒[(AgCl·Ag)HL]_n。此时仅能引起吸收光谱和荧光光谱的微小变化,但能导致倍频散射(FDS)和二级散射(SOS)等共振非线性散射(RNLS)的显著增强,其最大FDS和SOS波长分别位于350和560 nm处。两种散射增强(ΔI^FDS和ΔI^SOS)在一定范围内均与氯离子浓度成正比,均可用于氯离子的测定。其中以FDS最灵敏,对于氯离子的检测,其线性范围是0.04~1.22 μg/mL, 检出限为10.9 ng/mL;在环境空气或无组织排放废气HCl的检测中,当采气体积为60L时,其线性范围是0.007~0.21 mg/m³,检出限为1.9×10^-3 mg/m³;在有组织排放废气样品中,当采气体积为10 L时,其线性范围是0.04~1.25 mg/m³,检出限为1.1×10^-2 mg/m³。该文研究了纳米微粒对吸收、RNLS光谱的影响、反应的适宜条件及影响因素,考察了共存物质的影响,表明方法有良好的选择性,据此利用上述反应发展了一种用SOS和FDS技术高灵敏度、高选择性和简便、快速测定环境空气和废气中HCl及环境水样中氯化物的新方法。文中还对反应机理进行了讨论。     

Native fungi as metal remediators: Silver myco-accumulation from metal contaminated waste-rock dumps (Libiola Mine,Italy)

ABSTRACT

Metal contamination constitutes a major source of pollution globally. Many recent studies emphasized the need to develop cheap and green technologies for the remediation or reclamation of environmental matrices contaminated by heavy metals. In this context, fungi are versatile organisms that can be exploited for bioremediation activities. In our work, we tested silver (Ag) bioaccumulation capabilities of three microfungal strains (Aspergillus alliaceus Thom & Church, Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, Clonostachys rosea (Link) Schroers, Samuels, Seifert & W. Gams) isolated from a silver polluted site. The aim was to select silver tolerant native strains and test their potential silver uptake. Among the three species tested, T. harzianum was the most efficient strain to tolerate and accumulate silver, showing an uptake capability of 153 mg L^?1 taken at the Ag concentration of 330 mg L^?1. Our study highlights the potential use of native microfungi spontaneously growing in sulphide-rich waste rock dumps, for silver bioaccumulation and bioremediation.     

试验方法和接种物来源对苯甲酸钠快速生物降解率的影响

化学品的快速生物降解性直接影响其在环境中的迁移、转化和归宿,是鉴别其环境危害性和持久性的基本指标,是政府管理部门对化学品进行风险管理的重要科学依据,在生态毒理测试中具有非常重要的地位。为探讨试验方法、接种物来源以及两者的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率的影响,2013~2015年间以广州地区2个主要处理生活污水的污水处理厂(DTS、LD)为接种物来源,采用OECD 301系列试验方法(301B、301D和301F)进行了苯甲酸钠的快速生物降解性试验,共获得89个标准化测试数据。统计分析结果显示,接种物来源、试验方法与接种物来源的交互效应对苯甲酸钠生物降解率影响不显著,但试验方法单一因素的影响显著。本研究表明,当受试物为易生物降解时,接种物来源、试验方法和接种物来源的交互效应对该受试物的生物降解率无显著的影响,但在同一条件下,选择不同的试验方法往往会导致最终生物降解率出现明显差异。     

超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水

采用超声吹脱-次氯酸钠氧化工艺处理酮连氮法制肼废水,优化了工艺条件,并进行了尾水处理与盐分回收。实验结果表明:在超声声能密度0.08 W/mL、吹脱气量2 000 L/h、次氯酸钠溶液(有效氯10%)投加量15mL/L、反应时间20 min的最优条件下,COD、氨氮和肼类物质去除率分别达到96.97%、99.02%和96.60%,处理成本约为30元/t(以废水计);尾水经蒸馏处理后可满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的一级B标准,回收NaCl纯度为98.92%,达到GB/T 5462—2015《工业盐》的精制工业盐一级标准。     

活性污泥焚烧过程中镍的迁移分布特性

采用管式炉对污水厂活性污泥焚烧过程中Ni的迁移分布特性进行研究。实验结果表明：当污泥掺烧量（污泥质量与煤和污泥总质量的比）为25%时,Ni的挥发率（飞灰与气体中Ni质量的总和与污泥中Ni质量的比）几乎为零,且污泥与煤混合试样的综合燃烧效果最好;当污泥焚烧加入硫化物时,各种硫化物对Ni的残留率（炉渣中Ni的质量与污泥中Ni质量的比）提高能力大小顺序为Na₂S>S>Na₂SO₃>Na₂SO₄;当污泥焚烧加入氯化物时,促使Ni向烟气中迁移,且加入无机氯更易使Ni向烟气中迁移。     

炼油污水处理场含油污泥处理

文章分析了含油污泥的产生及处理难点,转筒式离心机的工艺流程,使用中存在的问题,并提出对策。经过转筒式离心机的脱水分离,可以减少含油污泥70%～80%的体积,如果后续采取填埋方式处理,可以节约70%～80%的运输费用,同时延长填埋场使用年限3～5倍。     

The proton exchange membrane fuel cell systems using methanolysis of sodium borohydride as a hydrogen source with cobalt catalysts

Constant hydrogen generation via a hydrogen generator is evaluated from the methanolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) using Co/Al₂O₃ and MnO_x/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Chemical borohydrides coupled with catalysts can be used for compact storage and to create efficient generation systems. Thus, we first report the catalytic activity of MnO_x/Al₂O₃, which is synthesized using the simple wet-impregnation method, for the methanolysis reaction. The results indicate that both catalysts can effectively accelerate the methanolysis reaction and provide constant hydrogen generation rates. Thus, we integrate this hydrogen generation system into a proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack (PEMFC) to determine whether it can be used as a portable power supply. As a result, this fuel cell system operates at 40 W for 1 hr using the hydrogen source supplied from the catalytic methanolysis reaction.     

Ethanol production from alkali-pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with mucor indicus

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) is a potential raw material for production of lignocellulosic bioethanol. The OPEFB was pretreated with 8% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution at 100°C for 10 to 90 min. Enzymatic digestion was carried out using cellulase and β-glucosidase at 45°C for 24 h. It was then inoculated with Mucor indicus spores suspension and fermented under anaerobic conditions at 37°C for 96 h. Sodium hydroxide pretreatment effectively removed 51–57% of lignin in the OPEFB and also its hemicellulose (40–84%). The highest glucan digestibility (0.75 g/g theoretical glucose) was achieved in 40-min NaOH pretreatment. Fermentation by M. indicus resulted in 68.4% of the theoretical ethanol yield, while glycerol (16.2–83.2 mg/g), succinic acid (0–0.4 mg/g), and acetic acid (0–0.9 mg/g) were its by-products. According to these results, 11.75 million tons of dry OPEFB in Indonesia can be converted into 1.5 billion liters of ethanol per year.