污染土壤毒性研究方法进展

综述了国内外有关污染土壤毒性研究方法 ,包括传统的方法如植物法、动物法和微生物法等和生态毒理学方法 ,并从生物、非生物和环境等方面论述了影响土壤毒性的因素 ,提出了当前土壤污染毒性研究方法中存在的问题 ,认为随着环境科学技术的发展 ,污染土壤毒性研究方法在环境保护中必将发挥越来越重要的作用     

含油固体废弃物综合利用技术的研究

就油田含油固体废弃物的存放及其对周边环境存在的潜在隐患 ,全面分析了该废弃物的组成与成分 ,并介绍了几种可用于石油污染土壤治理技术的方法特点 ,尤其是针对这种固体含量和油分含量皆较高的含油固体废弃物 ,开展了综合利用治理技术方面的试验 ,以固体废弃物细粉作为制砖助燃配料成分 ,考查了砖块质量与细粉掺入量及其他因素之间的关系 ,取得了较好的效果     

污染土壤修复的技术再造与展望

污染土壤的面积在迅速扩大,迫切需要修复、治理;随着土壤污染组分的日益复杂化,等待着全面、高效的修复技术的研制。对污染土壤修复相关技术现状进行剖析表明,现有的各种污染土壤修复技术由于存在着许多技术上难以克服的问题,需要从技术的现有进展和技术构想进行整体意义上的创新,即如何把现有的技术进行参数优化、改造后进行最佳组合与综合,才能取得该技术领域的重大突破。污染土壤的生态化学修复,其实质在于技术的再造,代表了21世纪污染土壤修复技术的发展方向。     

污染土壤修复效果评定方法的研究

在实施污染土壤修复的环境工程后,需要通过灵敏和有效的评定方法对污染土壤修复的效果进行评定.然而,单纯依靠化学方法进行污染土壤修复效果的评定,不能揭示土壤的整体质量特征,因此需要生态毒理方法作为相互补充的手段.本文概述了植物毒性评定法、陆生无脊椎动物评定法和土壤微生物评定法及其在污染土壤修复效果评定中的应用,并对污染土壤修复效果评定方法的发展前景进行展望.     

宝应县土壤重金属的污染调查

以宝应县农田土壤重金属调查为依据，采用污染指数法对土壤质量进行评价，分析土壤重金属污染原因，提出防治措施。     

Soil contamination at abandoned sawmill areas

Contamination of soil by technical chlorophenol formulation at wood preserving sites was studied. The examined soils contained 50 to 1000 mg of polychlorinated phenols (CPs), 1 to 50 mg of polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (“pre-dioxins”, PCPPs) and 0.1 to 5 mg of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) per kg of dry soil. CPs were found to be mobile, leaching deep into the soil, while PCPPs and PCDFs accumulated in the top soil. All three classes of contaminants were stable in soil.     

Modeling in situ ozonation for the remediation of nonvolatile PAH-contaminated unsaturated soils

Mathematical models were developed to investigate the characteristics of gaseous ozone transport under various soil conditions and the feasibility of in situ ozone venting for the remediation of unsaturated soils contaminated with phenanthrene. On the basis of assumptions for the mass transfer and reactions of ozone, three approaches were considered: equilibrium, kinetic, and lump models. Water-saturation-dependent reactions of gaseous ozone with soil organic matter (SOM) and phenanthrene were employed. The models were solved numerically by using the finite-difference method, and the model parameters were determined by using the experimental data of Hsu [The use of gaseous ozone to remediate the organic contaminants in the unsaturated soils, PhD Thesis, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, 1995]. The transport of gas-phase ozone is significantly retarded by ozone consumption due to reactions with SOM and phenanthrene, in addition to dissolution. An operation time of 156 h was required to completely remove phenanthrene in a 5-m natural soil column. In actual situations, however, the operation time is likely to be longer than the ideal time because of unknown factors including heterogeneity of the porous medium and the distribution of SOM and contaminant. The ozone transport front length was found to be very limited (< 1 m). The sensitivity analysis indicated that SOM is the single most important factor affecting in situ ozonation for the remediation of unsaturated soil contaminated with phenanthrene. Models were found to be insensitive to the reaction mechanisms of phenathrene with either gas-phase ozone or dissolved ozone. More study is required to quantify the effect of OH* formation on the removal of contaminant and on ozone transport in the subsurface.     

长江表层土壤多氯联苯污染特征及风险评价

采用气质联用仪（GC-MS）对长江流域13个干流断面及18个支流断面处沿岸表层土壤样品中的多氯联苯（PCBs）进行测定,分析其残留特征、污染来源和健康风险.结果表明,长江流域表层土中ΣPCBs的含量范围为：1.05~50.11ng/g dw,平均值为5.71ng/g dw,含量处于较低污染水平.干流的PCBs含量从上游到下游呈现逐渐增大的趋势,且PCBs在宜昌、岳阳、武汉、重庆等二三线城市总含量较高.PCB 17,PCB 18,PCB 44,PCB 74,PCB 87的检出率较高,三氯联苯、四氯联苯是主要的同系物,表明长江流域表层土壤主要以低氯联苯污染为主.主成分分析表明研究区域PCBs主要来自于1号国产变压器油、Aorclor 1242、1248、大气沉降及地表径流的混合污染源;对长江流域表层土壤健康风险评价表明,PCBs存在较小健康风险,呼吸摄入潜在风险低于经口摄入及皮肤接触.     

内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观尺度土壤保持功能的空间分布

景观作为理解和塑造人类社会与环境最具操作性的尺度,其土壤保持功能是实现景观可持续性的重要条件。在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,采用改进的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟景观土壤保持功能的空间分布进行研究。研究表明,研究区土壤保持总量为1.699×10~9 t?a~(-1),单位面积土壤保持量为85.39 t?hm~(-2)?a~(-1);土壤中N、P、K元素保持量分别为9.25×10~6 t?a~(-1)、6.14×10~6 t?a~(-1)、3.41×10~7 t?a~(-1)。按一级景观估算,土壤保持能力从强到弱依次为林地耕地草地住宅用地未利用地水域;按二级景观估算,土壤保持能力以灌木林地为最高,其次分别为有林地、疏林地、丘陵旱地、平原旱地、高盖度草原、山地旱地、中盖度草原,最差的是盐碱地和裸岩石质地。不同景观的土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度的增加呈非线性增长趋势,当植被覆盖度小于50%时,单位面积土壤保持量随植被覆盖度增大而缓慢增加;当植被覆盖度大于50%时,土壤保持功能随植被覆盖度增大而显著增加。因地制宜地提高研究区的植被覆盖度,合理配置景观空间分布格局,有助于景观服务功能的发展,从而对区域生态安全和人类福祉做出更大贡献。     

市政污泥用于矿区土壤改良的污染风险评估及配比分析

通过土柱淋溶试验,分析了市政污泥在矿山土壤改良中重金属污染风险,探讨了市政污泥用于矿区土壤改良的可行性,并确定了土壤污泥最佳混掺比例。结果表明:景山高岭土矿区土壤除速效磷含量较高外,其余养分含量分级为四—五级,即"低—很低";市政污泥除速效钾含量较低外,其余养分含量分级均远大于一级"很高";永春污水处理厂污泥为B级农用污泥,可施用于油料作物、果树、饲料作物、纤维作物,不能施用于蔬菜、粮食作物;按各处理配比进行污泥的适量施用造成地下水污染风险较小;综合考虑土壤肥力及重金属污染因素,该矿区最佳土壤、市政污泥干重混掺比为5∶2。