西藏拉萨市土壤气中氡、汞环境地球化学特征

研究了拉萨市及其附近土壤气中的氡、汞地球化学特征,利用地质累计指数法评价了其环境质量.1?579个测点的测量结果表明,土壤气中氡、汞的背景值分别是7?634.9 Bq/m³、41.5 ng/m³,标准偏差分别为2.7 Bq/m³、2.2 ng/m³.土壤气氡环境质量在研究区东部和西部比较好,在中部从南向北有逐渐加重的趋势,最高达到中度污染;氡的主要污染源是山间盆地沉积物中局部富集的放射性铀元素.从拉萨郊区向市中心,土壤气汞污染程度逐渐增加,最高达到严重污染;污染源主要是废气中的汞、宗教活动中使用的汞以及含汞的垃圾和废水.     

贵阳市表层土壤中镉的环境地球化学基线研究

以土壤环境地球化学研究为主线,以贵州省贵阳市8　046　km²为研究区域,将土壤重金属污染元素镉的空间分布规律与环境地球化学机理研究相结合,建立区域土壤环境地球化学基线,选用合适的判别指标判识自然作用过程与人类活动过程对土壤环境的影响.通过对487个样品的镉含量的统计分析,结果表明,贵阳市表层土壤中镉的基线值为0.068　mg/kg,镉元素含量大于1.010　mg/kg的样品可能遭受人为污染的影响.地质累积指数分析结果显示,贵阳市40%的表层土壤未受镉污染,19%的表层土壤在无污染与中度污染之间,14%受中度污染,19%的表层土壤介于中度污染到强污染之间,7%受强污染,1%的表层土壤介于强污染到极强污染之间.污染程度指数分析则显示,贵阳市57.9%的表层土壤未受到镉污染,镉的污染程度最大为12.1,96%的表层土壤污染程度小于4,总污染程度大于0,即总体受到污染.     

Assessing field vulnerability to phosphorus loss in Beijing agricultural area using Revised Field Phosphorus Ranking Scheme

Guanting Reservoir,one of the drinking water supply sources of Beijing,suffers from water eutrophication.It is mainly supplied by Guishui River.Thus,to investigate the reasons of phosphorus(P)loss and improve the P management strategies in Guishui River watershed are important for the safety of drinking water in this region.In this study,a Revised Field P Ranking Scheme(PRS)was developed to reflect the field vulnerability of P loss at the field scale based on the Field PRS.In this new scheme,six factors are included, and each one was assigned a relative weight and a determination method.The affecting factors were classified into transport factors and source factors,and,the standards of environmental quality on surface water and soil erosion classification and degradation of the China were used in this scheme.By the new scheme,thirty-four fields in the Guishui River were categorized as"low","medium"or"high"potential for P loss into the runoff.The results showed that the P loss risks of orchard and vegetable fields were higher than that of corn and soybean fields.The source factors were the main factors to affect P loss from the study area.In the study area,controlling P input and improving P usage efficiency are critical to decrease P loss.Based on the results,it was suggested that more attention should be paid on the fields of vegetable and orchard since they have extremely high usage rate of P and high soil test of E Compared with P surplus by field measurements,the Revised Field PRS was more suitable for reflecting the characteristics of fields,and had higher potential capacity to identify critical source areas of P loss than PRS.     

中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

临安区域大气本底站CO_2浓度特征及其碳源汇变化研究

通过分析2006年8月～2009年7月临安区域大气本底站Flask瓶采样获得的CO2浓度特征,结合碳追踪模式的模拟结果,研究了长三角地区碳源汇变化对CO2浓度的影响.结果表明,临安区域大气本底站的CO2浓度分布在368.3×10-6～414.8×10-6之间,具有较明显的季节波动变化特征,冬季高、夏季低,浓度年较差接近...     

酿酒酵母吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的表面特性研究

为深入探讨酿酒酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）的微观作用机制,本文利用表面显微分析技术（SEM-EDS、TEM-EDS、AFM）研究了酿酒酵母细胞吸附重金属离子Pb（Ⅱ）前后的细胞表面变化.研究结果表明,酿酒酵母细胞与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面除吸附Pb（Ⅱ）外,同时产生大量更高浓度的含Pb（Ⅱ）沉淀,导致Pb（Ⅱ）从溶液中被去除.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）反应前,酵母细胞表面可检测到的主要元素包括C、O、N、P、S、K、Mg;酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用后,细胞表面始终保持C、O、P吸收峰,而N、K、Mg、S吸收峰随反应条件不同而减弱、消失或增强.P作为细胞表面组分可能与Pb（Ⅱ）结合.酵母与Pb（Ⅱ）作用过程中,重金属离子促进酵母细胞释放细胞内含物.原子力显微镜（AFM）证实,云母片表面对酵母吸附Pb（Ⅱ）后细胞的铺展变形作用明显增大.     

脱水污泥等温干燥特性实验研究及回归分析

利用热重差热分析仪（DTG）对脱水污泥进行干燥实验,测定干燥参数和干燥条件对脱水污泥等温干燥特性的影响,研究了3个温度水平（85℃,100℃,120℃）,5个空气流速（10mL/min,20mL/min,40mL/min,50mL/min,70mL/min）和3个升温速率（15℃/min,20℃/min,40℃/min）。结果表明,样品的干燥速率随着终温的升高、升温速率和空气流速的增大而加快。脱水污泥的干燥过程主要分为加速、恒速和降速3个阶段,且降速干燥段在整个干燥过程中所占的比例较大。其干燥数学模型符合Page方程,经拟合得到 。验证表明,拟合方程算得的MR值与实验结果比较接近。该模型方程可用于描述城市污水污泥的干燥。     

南方重金属矿区重金属的污染特征及评价

 采用全面踏查和典型调查相结合的方法,对福建主要重金属矿区的尤溪铅锌矿、连城铅锌矿和连城锰矿不同片区重金属污染状况进行调查。结果表明：福建重金属矿区重金属污染极其严重,矿区中Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd最高含量分别达92 546、27 454、23 792和248 mg/kg,是对照区的几倍至上百倍。根据国家土壤环境质量三级标准,按照重金属单项污染指数标准进行的污染评价表明：南方重金属矿区Zn、Pb、Cd均达到重度污染标准,污染程度表现为尤溪铅锌矿区>连城铅锌矿区>连城锰矿区。按照综合污染指数评价标准,福建连城铅锌矿、连城锰矿和尤溪铅锌矿的综合污染指数也达到重度污染标准,分别是重度污染临界标准的16.5、10.6和53.6倍,不同矿区的重金属污染程度大小排序为尤溪铅锌矿区>连城铅锌矿区>连城锰矿矿区。