微生物对土壤环境中重金属活性的影响

各种工农业生产和家庭消费引起的重金属在环境中的释放 ,以及由此带来的环境胁迫和破坏 ,呈加剧的趋势 .在全球范围内 ,人类活动引起的Ｐｂ ,Ｃｄ,Ｖ与Ｚｎ的释放量分别是自然情况下的 12 ,5 ,3和 3倍 .Ｓｂ ,Ａｓ ,Ｃｒ,Ｃｕ ,Ｈｇ,Ｎｉ,Ｓｅ等的人为释放量或超过自然释放量 ,或与自然释放量持平[1] .土壤是重金属离子的源和汇 ,土壤中的重金属离子可以多种形态存在 ,如可溶态、交换态以及与不同土壤固相组分如碳酸盐、铁锰氧化物、有机质、残渣物质结合的形态[2 ] .重金属在土壤中的活性和生物有效性受到多种因素的制约 ,特别是各种有机胶…     

林(竹)草不同植被恢复模式下的土壤物理特性

利用建立生态定位观测场,对华西雨屏区洪雅县低山区退耕还林中的桦木+扁穗牛鞭草、苦竹+扁穗牛鞭草、纯扁穗牛鞭草和撑绿杂交竹＋扁穗牛鞭草4种林（竹）草植被类型进行定位观测,研究不同植被恢复类型对土壤物理特性的改良。试验结果表明：林（竹）草不同植被类型植被恢复5年后,土壤0～40 cm土层的砂粒和粗粉粒百分含量均有一定的下降,在一定程度上逆转了原坡耕地土壤继续“粗化”的趋势;4种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm土层的物理性粘粒含量与农耕地相比均有一定提高,在一定程度上增强了固持土壤养分的能力,以苦竹＋扁穗牛鞭草改良效果最好;与农耕地相比,4种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm土层土壤容重有增有减,以苦竹＋扁穗牛鞭草和撑绿杂交竹＋扁穗牛鞭草植被恢复类型改良效果相对较优;虽然除纯牛鞭草地外其它3种植被恢复类型土壤0～40 cm的总孔隙度与农耕地相比都有一定程度的增加,但土壤总孔隙度都偏小,非毛管孔隙/毛管孔隙值也不合理。可见土壤结构的改良并非退耕后植被恢复短期内就能实现的,还需长时间的植被保护、合理的经营。〖     

Soil Lead at Elementary Public Schools: Comparison Between School Properties and Residential Neighbourhoods of New Orleans

Soil studies, conducted in Maryland, Minnesota and Louisiana, have described the urban pattern of lead contamination. They have shown that the highest amounts of lead cluster within the interior of the largest cities. The results of the New Orleans urban patterns of distribution of soil lead provided the basis for further study. The hypothesis was tested that elementary school properties have the same pattern of soil lead contamination as their neighbouring residential communities. Thirty New Orleans Public Elementary Schools were selected for this study. Surface samples (2.5cm or 1 inch depth) were collected from playgrounds and next to entrances of each school. Results showed that soil lead on school properties follows the same relative contamination patterns (pvalue10^–5) as soil lead on residential properties of neighbouring communities. Schools however, have significantly lower lead contamination than the neighbouring residential properties. Innercity school properties present a higher risk of soil lead exposure than mid and outercity schools. Soils next to innercity school entrances showed the highest lead, with 18.5% having concentrations over 400gg^–1. Systematic landscaping around the school entrances would significantly reduce the hazard from lead dust contaminated soils.     

Soil Lead and Children’s Blood Lead Levels in Syracuse, NY, USA

A geo-referenced data set of 12 228 first-time blood lead screening values for Syracuse, NY, children was established for the 4-year period 1992–1996. Soil lead values were measured in a 600 m by 600 m tessellation grid covering the city. The two data sets were merged for evaluation of relationships between them. Strong seasonal variation in blood lead levels suggests the importance of contaminated soils as an exposure source. When the data were aggregated at a large geographic scale (3 km²), a logarithmic model showed an R² of > 0.65 for the regression of geometric mean blood lead on median soil lead values. Results showed a striking similarity to those obtained by Mielke et al. (1999) for a study in New Orleans, LA, USA.     

白洋淀北岸农田土壤特性的表征

本文采用标准方法,测定了白洋淀北岸部分农田土壤的粒度组成、ｐＨ和有机碳含量等指标,对该地区土壤的特性进行了表征分析。结果表明,土壤的平均粒度分布大于２０μｍ的占５２．７３％,主要属于砂壤土。与１０年前相比,ｐＨ值变化不大;而有机碳含量是１０年前的１．２６倍。ｐＨ随土壤的垂直深度而略有增加,而有机碳含量则随土壤的垂直深度而减少。     

洗涤法处理含油土壤的研究

研究了用洗涤法处理含油土壤，考察了洗涤剂种类与浓度、洗涤温度、液固比、洗涤时间、表面活性剂、洗涤液直接循环使用次数对洗涤效果的影响，结果表明：当混合减浓度为10000mg／L、洗涤温度为70℃、液固比2：1、洗涤时间20min时，可将含油量为30％的土壤洗至残油率仅为0．3％左右。OP、EL型表面活性剂的加入对洗涤效果没有改善，特别有意义的是洗涤液能够直接循环使用而对洗涤效果基本无影响，这不仅能够减少用水量，还可以大大减少废水的排放量，降低操作费用及废水处理费用。该洗涤法不涉及物质的相变过程，混合碱由廉价的无机碱和无机盐组成，故能量消耗低，处理费用也低，且洗脱下来的原油可回收。     

重庆缙云山常绿阔叶林群落物种多样性与土壤因子的关系

探讨了缙云山常绿阔叶林物种多样性的变化特征，并运用去势典范对应分析(DCCA)方法，分析了不同样方中土壤因子与群落多样性指数之间的关系．结果表明：(1)17个样方中物种丰富度指数是草本层最高，均匀度指数是乔木层最高．(2)土壤含水量和水解氮与乔木层物种丰富度和均匀度相关性明显，有效磷和乔木层均匀度有明显相关；全氮含量和有机质含量与草本层物种的均匀度有明显相关．(3)多酚氧化酶活性和乔木层物种的均匀度有明显相关，转化酶活性与乔木层物种丰富度和均匀度均有一定相关，多酚氧化酶活性和酸性磷酸酶活性与草本层的物种均匀度和丰富度有明显相关．图2表3参20     

原地异位建堆热脱附技术和设备在石油污染土壤修复中的应用

利用杰瑞环保科技有限公司自主研发生产的原地异位建堆热脱附设备对新疆某地区506 t石油污染土壤进行了修复处理实验,并在此基础上探讨了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域应用的相关技术问题。通过温度场模拟,为设备投入及修复堆体的搭建提供了参考数据;通过项目现场温升曲线,分析了升温效率与物料属性的关系。结果表明,含水率越低的物料升温速率越快。此外,通过对设备投入、石油污染土壤修复效果、修复过程运行能耗等方面进行综合分析,评估了原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的有效性和实用性。本研究可为原地异位建堆热脱附技术在石油污染土壤修复领域的工业化应用提供参考。     

苯达嗪丙酯在土壤和小麦中的田间残留试验

建立了土壤和小麦种子、茎杆中苯达嗪丙酯的残留分析方法.研究了高剂量施药条件下土壤中的消解动态,并测定了土壤、小麦种子和茎杆中的最终残留.苯达嗪丙酯的最低检出限为10ng,在土壤和小麦中的最低检出浓度为0.05mg·kg-1.方法的平均添加回收率为88.7%—103.3%,变异系数为4.3%—16.4%.苯达嗪丙酯的消解动态试验表明:高剂量施药条件下苯达嗪丙酯在土壤中的半衰期分别为2.5d(北京)和3.1d(石家庄);当按推荐剂量施药时,小麦收获前10d,在土壤、小麦种子和茎杆中,北京和石家庄两地均未检出苯达嗪丙酯.     

Molecular receptive ranges of olfactory receptor neurones responding selectively to terpenoids, aliphatic green leaf volatiles and aromatic compounds, in the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi

Summary. An important question in insect-plant interactions is which of the numerous plant compounds contribute to the perception of odour qualities in herbivorous insects and are likely to be used as cues in host-searching behaviour. In order to identify which plant-produced volatiles the strawberry blossom weevil Anthonomus rubi detects, we have used electrophysiological recordings from single olfactory neurones linked to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We here present 15 receptor neurone types specialised for naturally produced compounds present in the host and nonhost plants and two types for two aggregation pheromone components. The active compounds were terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic esters, alcohols and aldehydes, some of which are induced by feeding activity of the weevils. The neurones were characterised by a strong response to one or two primary odorants and weaker responses to a few others having similar chemical structure. With one exception, the molecular receptive range of each neurone type was within one chemical group. Enantiomers of linalool separated on a chiral column activated two neurone types with different enantioselectivity. Inhibition by linalool of another neurone type, excited by α-pinene, indicated an additional mechanism for coding the information about this compound. Altogether, detection of 54 compounds by olfactory receptor neurones is shown, of which 40 have been chemically identified in this study. Thus A. rubi has the ability to detect a large number of odorants that may be used in host selection behaviour.