Managing political market agencements: solar photovoltaic policy in France

The development of renewable energy is one manifestation of current transformations in the organisation of European energy production and markets. To illuminate the changes triggered by renewable energy policy, the evolution of solar photovoltaic policy in France is analysed with a focus on its central instrument, feed-in tariffs (FITs). FITs for photovoltaics raised difficulties in many countries, but their effects were particularly dramatic in France. Market sociology and science and technology studies are employed to describe FITs as agencements organising the markets and politics of electricity production. FITs are considered as inherently unpredictable insofar as they encourage innovation and the emergence of new actors. The ways in which three successive agencements of FITs for photovoltaics framed the politics and economy of photovoltaics in France, and how they addressed unanticipated effects, are discussed. This is suggestive of transformations and tensions in the construction of French energy policy.     

The transformational potential of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in Tanzania: assessing the concept’s cultural legitimacy among stakeholders in the solar energy sector

While energy-sector emissions remain the biggest source of climate change, many least-developed countries still invest in fossil-fuel development paths. These countries generally have high levels of fossil-fuel technology lock-in and low capacities to change, making the shift to sustainable energy difficult. Tanzania, a telling example, is projected to triple fossil-fuel power production in the next decade. This article assesses the potential to use internationally supported Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to develop solar energy in Tanzania and contribute to transformational change of the electricity supply system. By assessing the cultural legitimacy of NAMAs among key stakeholders in the solar energy sector, we analyse the conditions for successful uptake of the concept in (1) national political thought and institutional frameworks and (2) the solar energy niche. Interview data are analysed from a multi-level perspective on transition, focusing on its cultural dimension. Several framings undermining legitimacy are articulated, such as attaching low-actor credibility to responsible agencies and the concept’s poor fit with political priorities. Actors that discern opportunities for NAMAs could, however, draw on a framing of high commensurability between experienced social needs and opportunities to use NAMAs to address them through climate-compatible development. This legitimises NAMAs and could challenge opposing framings.     

Sizing and performance analysis of standalone hybrid photovoltaic/battery/hydrogen storage technology power generation systems based on the energy hub concept

In this study, the optimal sizing and performance analysis of a standalone integrated solar power system equipped with different storage scenarios to supply the power demand of a household is presented. One of the main purposes when applying solar energy resource is to face the increasing environmental pollutions resulting from fossil fuel based electricity sector. To this end, and to compare and examine two energy storage technologies (battery and hydrogen storage technology), three storage scenarios including battery only, hydrogen storage technology only and hybrid storage options are evaluated. An optimization framework based on Energy Hub concept is used to determine the optimum sizes of equipment for the lowest net present cost (NPC) while maintaining the system reliability. It was determined that the most cost effective and reliable case is the system with hybrid storage technology. Also, the effects of solar radiation intensity, the abatement potential of CO₂ emissions and converting excess power to hydrogen on the system’s performance and economics, were investigated and a few noticeable findings were obtained.     

塔式太阳能热电站光污染问题分析

塔式太阳能热电站正常运行时会引发光污染问题。本文分析了塔式太阳能热电站产生光污染的原因以及光污染对人和生态环境产生的危害。在塔式太阳能电站选址、组件设计、安全防护以及配套设施方面,分别提出了有效的光污染防治措施,对于塔式太阳能热电站光污染的防治,提供了一定的理论指导。     

湖北省咸宁市光伏电站太阳能资源评价

为了对无太阳辐射观测的咸宁市进行并网光伏电站太阳能资源综合评价,拟采用水平面太阳辐射气候学推算方法和倾斜面辐射换算方法,即根据武汉站历史资料分月建立总辐射量和直接辐射量与日照百分率的推算方程推算出咸宁逐月太阳辐射各分量,分析其时间变化、资源丰度和稳定性,并基于Klein提出的散射辐射各向同性的假设,计算出该地不同倾斜面年总辐射量和最佳倾角。结果表明：咸宁地区近50 a（1961~2009年）水平面太阳总辐射年总量为4 0914 MJ/m2,该地区属于太阳能资源丰富区,该地辐射形式等级处于散射辐射较多(C)等级,且太阳能资源年变化稳定度较高。正南朝向斜面接受总辐射年总量最大的条件下其最佳倾角为18°,该倾角下斜面年总辐射量为4 2246 MJ/m2,比水平的值高出33%。设计容量为1 500 kWp的光伏阵列若按最佳倾角和方位角安装,每年可发电约132×106 kW·h。太阳辐射各分量的合理推算与多个评价指标的联合应用为光伏电站规划设计提供了科学依据,也为今后类似工作提供了样本。     

湿热海岸沙漠环境特征与干热沙漠环境特征对比分析

目的 对比分析海岸沙漠与干热沙漠的环境特征。方法 基于对温度、湿度、太阳辐射等典型环境要素的极值、月变化、累计作用日和日变化等的对比研究,掌握2类沙漠环境特征的差异。结果 湿热海岸沙漠常年高温年平均气温接近30℃,最高气温达到47.2℃。干热沙漠环境月温度变化明显。湿热海岸沙漠环境高温累计作用时间长,日最高温超过35℃的天数为190d。受海洋气候的影响,湿热海岸沙漠湿度比干热沙漠高约10%,因此湿热海岸沙漠更容易出现结露的现象。湿热海岸沙漠月辐射量均维持在较高水平,而干热沙漠在冬季月总辐射急剧降低。2种沙漠环境的年均降水量均较小,海岸沙漠环境略大于干热沙漠环境,干热沙漠环境年降水量波动不大。受海洋气候的影响,海岸沙漠环境降水量年分布差异极大。结论 湿热海洋大气作用下的海岸沙漠环境酷热,且高温持续时间极长,湿热海岸沙漠环境中使用的产品需加强耐极端高温和长期高温的环境适应性设计,高分子材料更易变形。相比于干热沙漠,湿热海岸沙漠湿度更高,更易出现结露的现象,金属材料更易发生腐蚀。湿热海岸沙漠总辐射比干热沙漠高,高分材料易发生老化,寿命降低。受海洋气候影响,海岸沙漠降水量年分布差异极大,湿热海...     

光催化水质净化反应器的研究进展

在全面分析国内外近 10年来光催化反应器的研究成果基础上 ,归纳出了光催化反应器设计的 3个主要因素 :传质速率、紫外辐射在反应器中的分布和光催化剂受光辐照的表面积 ,详细讨论了各类光反应器的结构与特征 ,并概述了太阳能光反应器的设计研究进展 ,最后提出了推进光催化反应器研究进程的建议。     

模拟日光照射下草酸协同黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用

研究了模拟日光照射下草酸协同黄铁矿对Cr(Ⅵ)的还原作用机理及其影响因素.结果表明,加入草酸后,反应体系中生成了光化学活性高的草酸铁(Ⅲ)配合物,同时还可能阻止了黄铁矿表面Fe(Ⅲ)水解产物Fe(OH)3和CrxFe1-x(OH)3的生成,从而使黄铁矿还原Cr(Ⅵ)的速率明显得到提高.增加溶液酸度、草酸浓度和黄铁矿质量浓度,有利于Cr(Ⅵ)的还原.     

太阳辐射减弱对灌浆期冬小麦光合特性及膜脂过氧化水平的影响

以扬麦13为供试材料,通过大田试验方法研究了太阳辐射减弱对冬小麦灌浆期光合生理特性、保护酶系统及膜脂过氧化水平的影响. 设置了5个太阳辐射减弱处理,各处理的太阳辐射强度分别为自然光照的100%(CK),60%,40%,20%和15%. 结果表明:太阳辐射减弱导致冬小麦叶片的光合生理特性发生明显变化,表现为净光合速率(P_n)减少,气孔限制值(L_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)显著降低,但胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)却逐渐上升;随着太阳辐射减弱程度的增加,冬小麦叶片的CAT(过氧化氢酶),SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)和POD(过氧化物酶)活性均显著增加,表现出较高的抗性,但MDA(丙二醛)含量及EC(电导率)降低,说明太阳辐射减弱未使作物膜系统受到明显伤害;在太阳辐射减弱条件下,冬小麦光合色素的含量增加较明显,但w(Chla)/w(Chlb)下降,对太阳辐射中偏向短波部分波段的吸收能力增强. 综上所述,在太阳辐射减弱条件下,冬小麦灌浆期通过提高保护酶系统的活性避免细胞膜系统的膜脂过氧化伤害,同时提高w(Chlb)以增强光能的利用能力. 尽管如此,由于太阳辐射能量的不足,作物的P_n仍持续下降,且主要是由非气孔因素引起.      

Solar photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide isoproturon on a Bi–TiO2/zeolite photocatalyst

The photocatalytic degradation of the herbicide isoproturon under solar light was investigated in aqueous solution containing a Bi–TiO₂/zeolite photocatalyst. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of Bi–TiO₂ loading onto the zeolite support and influence of the parameters such as catalyst amount, pH, and initial concentration of isoproturon on the degradation rate were evaluated. The recycling ability of the catalyst was found to be sustainable for elongated periods. The high activity of the Bi–TiO₂/zeolite was attributed to its absorptivity of visible light and its high adsorption capacity for the pollutant molecules.