The Potential of Using Solar Energy to Process Full-Fat Soybeans (Glycine max) to Reduce Urease Activity

The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of panel solar cookers in reducing urease activity in full-fat soybeans (Glycine max). Changes in urease activity of soaked (SM), coarse-milled (CM) and whole dry (WM) full fat soybeans were investigated by roasting for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min in multiple reflector panel solar cookers, in a 3 3 3 factorial experiment. Soaking soybeans for 14 h reduced (p<0.05) ^{1 1}P < 0.05 means that the probability (p) of falsely concluding significant difference between values obtained after statistical analysis was less than 5% (0.05). urease activity by 9%, from 6.58 meqNH₃/g DM to 5.98 meqNH₃/g DM. After 180 min of solar roasting, urease activity levels had declined by 81%, 67% and 23% in soaked, milled and whole dry soybeans respectively. Full fat soybean urease activity can be reduced faster in soaked than in dry soybeans. Findings suggest that there is potential in using multiple reflector panel solar cookers to reduce urease activity in full fat soybeans.     

太阳光催化反应器的研究进展

以太阳光为光源的光催化氧化技术是一种清洁和节能的污水处理技术。对廉价和高效的太阳光催化反应器的设计和放大是这项技术研究的关键,也是实现工业化应用的重要因素。结合近几年国外对太阳光催化反应器的研究,详细地讨论了目前几种太阳光催化反应器的发展及应用研究,比较了不同反应器的优缺点,同时提出一些建议和今后的研究方向。     

Fast,cheap, and imperfect? US public opinion about solar geoengineering

ABSTRACT

Solar geoengineering, which seeks to cool the planet by reflecting a small fraction of sunlight back into space, has drawn the attention of scientists and policymakers as climate change remains unabated. Unlike mitigation, solar geoengineering could quickly and cheaply lower global temperatures. It is also imperfect. Its environmental impacts remain unpredictable, and its low cost and immediate effects may result in ‘moral hazard,’ potentially crowding out costly mitigation efforts. There is little understanding about how the public will respond to such tradeoffs. To address this, a 1000-subject nationally representative poll focused on solar geoengineering was conducted as part of the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES) of the US electorate in October–November 2016. The importance that individuals place on solar geoengineering’s speed and cost predicts their support for it, but there is little to no relationship between their concerns about its shortcomings and support for its research and use. Acquiescence bias appears to be an important factor for attitudes around solar geoengineering and moral hazard.     

太阳跟踪聚光高加速老化试验系统特性研究

目的对自主研制的基于"冷光"反射镜户外高加速光老化系统特性展开研究。方法利用大气环境条件监测技术获得系统样机关键性能数据。结果"冷光"反射镜在295～700 nm波长范围内的反射率达到90%以上,增强了系统样机在该波长范围内的反射太阳光谱,在310nm波段处获得约3.5倍太阳直射辐照强度。聚光太阳辐照分布均匀,靶板处平均辐照强度最大可达0.655 W/(m2·nm),标准偏差为2.6%。白天样品表面温度不超过直接暴露样品表面温度10℃,样品周围空气湿度与大气相对湿度接近,并可通过喷淋系统控制样品周围空气的相对湿度,以模拟多种自然气候环境。结论经过对比系统太阳光谱、辐照强度及温湿度等特性数据,系统增强了紫外辐照强度,并有效控制了试验样品的温度和湿度,可为系统自然加速试验老化机理及相关性研究提供数据支持。     

Photocatalytic activity of TiO2 containing anatase nanoparticles and rutile nanoflower structure consisting of nanorods

A series of TiO2 with different crystal phases and morphologies was synthesized via a facile hydrothermal process using titanium nbutoxide and concentrated hydrochloric acid as raw materials. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by degradation of Methyl Orange in aqueous solution under UV-Visible light irradiation. On the basis of detailed analysis of the characterizing results of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller measurement, it was concluded that the photo-activity of the catalyst is related directly to the 3D morphology and the crystal phase composition. An excellent catalyst should have both a futile 3D flower-like structure and anatase granulous particles. The 3D flower-like structure could enhance light harvesting, as well as the transfer of reactant molecules from bulk solution to the reactive sites on TiO2. In addition, the optimum anatase/rutile phase ratio was found to be 80：20, which is beneficial to the effective separation of the photogenerated electron-hole pairs.     

浅谈海上油井安全阀及其控制系统技术的应用

针对实际生产条件,为全面推行海上安全环保、节能与清洁生产,在油井上安装了太阳能安全阀控制系统,对油井生产与安全管理起着重要的作用。     

铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍典型环境损伤研究

目的研究典型环境对丁腈橡胶-铝合金带垫卡箍的损伤效应。方法通过模拟铝合金-丁腈橡胶航空带垫卡箍使用时的装配结构和应力状态,应用GJB 150A—2009中的湿热和太阳辐射两种典型老化环境,采用宏观形貌观察、卡箍保持力测试和橡胶衬垫拉伸性能测试方法,结合扫描电子显微镜和傅里叶红外光谱技术,分析带垫卡箍的性能劣化过程。结果带垫卡箍在湿热和太阳辐射环境中老化50 d后,卡箍橡胶衬垫表面出现大量微孔缺陷,拉伸性能大幅降低,导致卡箍保持力分别下降了35%和51%。结论带垫卡箍在模拟装配状态下进行湿热和太阳辐射环境暴露实验,卡箍橡胶衬垫内部结构由致密逐渐变得疏松,部分碳碳双键发生氧化交联反应,并在一定程度上提高了聚合物的交联密度,材料硬度提高,回弹性能减弱,橡胶衬垫对芯轴的包裹能力降低,导致卡箍保持力性能降低。     

气象因素对香港地区臭氧污染的影响

基于2000~2015年香港地区的臭氧监测数据和气象数据,分析了香港的臭氧污染特征及气象因素对臭氧污染的影响.结果表明:(1)香港地区臭氧浓度呈现明显的季节变化特征,其中秋季春季冬季夏季,臭氧超标日集中在夏季和秋季,超标日发生在冬季和春季的情形极少.(2)2000~2015年香港臭氧日最大8h平均浓度(MDA8)年均浓度呈增长趋势,平均增长速率为0.77μg·(m3·a)-1,臭氧MDA8第90百分位数浓度同样呈增长趋势,增长速率为1.49μg·(m3·a)-1.(3)较高的气温是香港地区臭氧污染发生的必要条件,气温越高越容易导致更高浓度的臭氧污染.(4)绝大多数情况下,臭氧浓度与相对湿度间呈负相关关系,相对湿度越高,香港地区的臭氧MDA8平均浓度及第90百分位数浓度均会降低.(5)当香港发生臭氧污染时,盛行风往往从偏北风或偏东风转为偏西风.随着风速的增大,臭氧平均浓度变化不大,但是臭氧第90百分位数浓度会明显降低.(6)降水和云量是影响臭氧浓度的重要因素,连续多日的无雨或少雨天气是臭氧污染事件发生的必要条件,而随着云量的增加,臭氧平均浓度和第90百分位数浓度会持续降低.(7)在太阳总辐射量≤20 MJ·m-2或日照时长≤10 h的情况下,臭氧浓度与太阳辐射及日照时长呈正相关关系.然而,在太阳辐射强烈的情况下(太阳总辐射量 20 MJ·m-2或日照时长 10 h),随着太阳辐射增强或日照时长的增加地面臭氧浓度反而降低,这是因为太阳辐射强烈的情况常出现在雨后天晴的背景下,并盛行来自海洋的偏南风,使得臭氧污染不易形成.(8)香港臭氧超标日的出现往往伴随着一系列气象条件的共同改变,包括晴天少雨、辐射增强、边界层高度增加、相对湿度降低、风速变小以及气温升高等气象特征,污染结束则伴随着相反的气象变化.     

中国的太阳能资源及应用潜力

太阳能资源被认为是21世纪最引人注目的可再生能源和洁净能源，为了经济的可持续发展，应该把环境保护和长期利益作为研究目标，文章估算了中国14个城市的太阳能资源，分析了太阳能热水系统和PIVP系统的经济性，研究结果表明，中国的太阳能利用潜力很大，政府应该对其发展发挥重要作用。     

Model reactor for photocatalytic degradation of persistent chemicals in ponds and waste water

A laboratory scale flow-through model reactor for the degradation of persistent chemicals using titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as photocatalyst immobilized on glass beads is presented. In the test system with a volume of 18 L contaminated water is pumped to the upper part of the floating reactor and flows over the coated beads which are exposed to UV-radiation. The degradation of two dyes of different persistance was investigated. Primary degradation of methylene blue did not fit a first order kinetic due to coincident adsorption onto the photocatalyst and direct photolysis, resulting in a half-life of 6 h. A filtrate of a green algae suspension accelerated the colour removal. In contrast, reactive red 2 was degraded only by photocatalysis; neither adsorption nor direct photolysis led to a colour removal. The course of primary degradation followed a first order kinetic with a half-life of 18 h and a rate constant of 0.04 h⁻¹. Analysis of the degradation products indicated mineralization by detection of NO₂⁻ and NO₃⁻, accompanied by a decrease of pH and an increase of conductivity. A successful adaptation of the model reactor (scale 1:10) to dimensions required for surface waters and waste water treatment plants would be a costefficient and environmentally sustainable application of photocatalysis for the treatment of industrially polluted water and could be of relevance for third world contries, particularly those favoured by high solar radiation.