辽河三角洲地区植被的地上净初级生产力格局及其制约因子

植被地上净初级生产力是监测和评价生态系统功能的重要指标之一,也是农业区划和生态资源分区管理的重要依据。通过实地调查,研究了辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力的空间分布格局及其制约因子。2008年9月末,在辽河三角洲地区设立79个调查点,调查了植被地上净初级生产力、土壤和水文特征。借助ArcGIS软件制作了植被地上净初级生产力的分层设色等值线图,并利用简单相关分析和无条件主成分分析方法探讨了植被地上净初级生产力与环境因子的关系。结果发现：辽河三角洲地区的植被地上净初级生产力具有内部较低,外围较高的半环形分布格局。在三角洲内部,植被地上净初级生产力一般1 500 g.m-2.a-1左右;外围一般3 000 g.m-2.a-1以上。这种分布格局不仅与植被类型分布有一定的相关性,而且还与海拔高度、土壤含水量、土壤容重和土壤总磷等自然环境因子有明显的相关性。多种证据表明土壤含水量是决定辽河三角洲地区植被地上净初级生产力格局的最直接、最重要的自然环境因子。     

太阳能电池生产废水处理工程设计

太阳能电池作为一种清洁能源,应用越来越广泛,然而其生产废水中因含有大量F-及酸碱物质,腐蚀性强,治理困难。采用石灰乳+CaCl2+PAC混凝沉淀工艺处理太阳能电池生产废水。工程设计规模为浓含氟废水7 m3/d、稀含氟废水200 m3/d、酸碱性废水200 m3/d、含IPA废水1 m3/d,经过3个多月的调试运行,出水中ρ(COD)≤500 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)≤300 mg/L,ρ(SS)≤400 mg/L,pH保持在6～9,ρ(F-)≤20 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》三级标准。废水处理工艺紧凑,处理效果好、运行稳定、具有推广价值。     

尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶的贡献及其与太阳辐射的关系

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及周边地区观测资料,依据尘卷风热力学理论和方法,估算出在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区尘卷风对沙尘气溶胶贡献的年平均量为4.0× 106t,年最大量为5.0×106t,与该地区沙尘暴的沙尘气溶胶年均贡献量相当.依赖于太阳辐射强度季节变化,尘卷风的起沙量具有与地面温度同步的季节变化规律.     

Effect of dietary factors and environmental chemicals on intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes

The liver is the major site of metabolism of foreign chemicals, but contribution from intestinal biotransformation can influence the overall disposition of chemicals. The intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes are located in the endoplasmic reticulum and they possess biochemical properties similar to those of the hepatic system. In general, the rate of in vitro metabolism of drug substrates in intestines is lower than in the liver. There seem to be differences in regulation and induction of hepatic and intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of foreign chemicals is affected by several factors including the nutritional status of the animal. Dietary components such as vitamins, lipids and vegetables can modify the activities of intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes. Phenobarbital or 3‐methyl‐cholanthrene (3‐MC) pre‐treatment induces the hepatic metabolism of a wide variety of drug substrates in a number of species, while the stimulation of intestinal enzymes is both substrate and species specific. Rabbit intestinal drug‐metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.     

Photo- and electro-catalysis for solar disinfection of Escherichia coli-contaminated water using Ag–TiO2/graphite

A titanium dioxide film on a graphite substrate was synthesized by chemical bath deposition from TiCl₄ as precursor and with the surfactant cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide as a linking and assembling agent. Silver was loaded on the TiO₂ film by electrodeposition at 0.025?A. Water contaminated with Escherichia coli was disinfected under sunlight irradiation by photolysis (Lys), photocatalysis (PC), photoelectrocatalysis (PEC), and electrocatalysis (EC). The highest rate constant, k, was achieved with EC; k was 5.1?×?10^?2 colony forming units (CFU) mL^?1?min^?1. However, auto-oxidation of Ag occurred during EC and PEC. Meanwhile, the rate constant of disinfection by means of PC was lower than EC and PEC, and k was 3.82?×?10^?2 CFU?mL^?1?min^?1. Nevertheless, the auto-oxidation of Ag in the Ag–TiO₂/graphite tablet did not occur during the disinfection process.     

On the association between the column ozone and the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation

An estimation of the increase in the daily spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground is attempted, by using the daily total ozone observations made by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the satellite Nimbus‐7 during 1978–1992. This investigation has been performed for the high latitudes by employing a recently proposed parametric model for the estimation of the spectral solar ultraviolet radiation at the earth's surface considering the total ozone content and various meteorological parameters.     

Evaluation of carrying capacity with particular reference to firewood and fodder resources in Central Himalaya: a case study of Baliya catchment

SUMMARY

The dwindling forests of the Central Himalaya are suffering from serious losses, threatening the subsistence population of the region. This study analyses the rate of consumption of fodder and firewood in a Central Himalayan catchment and estimates the carrying capacity of the catchment for these resources. Estimates indicate that the carrying capacity of the natural ecosystems and agroecosystems, in terms of availability of fodder and fuelwood resources, has already been exceeded.     

Modelling global-scale potential grassland changes in spatio-temporal patterns to global climate change

Grassland is one of the most widespread vegetation types worldwide and plays a significant role in global carbon cycling. Understanding the sensitivity of grassland to climate change and the effect of climate changes on the grassland ecosystems is a key issue in global carbon cycling. One of the goals of this study was to evaluate the three net primary productivity (NPP)–climate models, i.e. the Miami model, the Schuur model and the classification indices-based model. Results indicated that the classification indices-based model was the most effective model at estimating large-scale grassland NPP. In this research, changes in the spatial pattern of global potential grassland from recent past (1950–2000) to future (2001–2050) A2a scenario were analysed with the integrated orderly classification system of grassland (IOCSG) approach in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. NPP was evaluated with the classification indices-based model. Results indicate that under recent past climatic conditions, the main parts of global grassland are the savanna and tundra and alpine grassland and will be converted into the savanna, steppe and semi-desert grassland in A2a scenario. As a whole, areas of grassland will increase by 31.76 million hectares. The classification indices-based model estimated a 12.40% increase of total NPP in grassland from recent past to A2a scenario. It will impose a new issue for future grassland researches to support sustainable development and to provide action relevant knowledge to meet the challenge of climate change.     

伏牛山阻隔作用下水热因子、土地覆被与NPP的时空特征

作为秦岭山脉的东延余脉,伏牛山山地效应研究意义重大。文章基于ArcGIS9.3空间分析功能,对伏牛山南北两侧的水热因子、土地覆被和净初级生产力时空格局变化进行了对比分析,结果表明：北坡极端低温和均温明显低于南坡（-2.88℃和-1.7℃）、极端高温明显高于南坡（+1.35℃）,而年降水量北坡则比南坡低14.41%;伏牛山北坡部分常绿针叶林转换为落叶阔叶林,2001—2004年间的落叶阔叶林面积比重分别为：52.4%、55.2%、63.0%和70.9%;2001—2004年间的净初级生产力有增大趋势,尤其是东部区域。研究结论丰富了秦岭-伏牛山作为主要气候区和生态区分界线的理论依据,同时也丰富了山地生态学理论。     

水稻对UV-B辐射响应的敏感性差异

综述了UV-B辐射对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）的影响和水稻对UV-B辐射的抗性机制。UV-B辐射对水稻生长、叶片形态、生物量、产量、光合系统、病害等产生一定的影响。水稻对UV-B辐射的敏感性因子主要有CPD光解酶、UV-B吸收物质、抗氧化酶等。UV-B辐射使水稻叶片中产生了ROS,导致Rubisco酶降解,光合色素含量变化,抑制了光合作用,最终影响水稻籽粒形成和产量。水稻对UV-B辐射响应存在着品种差异,CPD光解酶编码基因的自然突变会引起水稻UV-B敏感性的差异,CPD光解酶活性是水稻对UV-B敏感性的关键因素。通过建立响应指数公式,对水稻UV-B响应敏感性的品种差异进行评估,存在品种差异的原因主要是基因、生长、生理、生育期和环境背景的差异。最后对UV-B辐射对水稻的影响、水稻对UV-B响应的差异及机理有待深入研究的方向进行了展望。