Development and application of a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) for the investigation of the kinetics of mercury emissions from soils

Recent measurements at different locations suggest that the emission of mercury from soils may play a more pronounced role in the global mercury cycle as suggested by global emission inventories and global mercury cycling models. For up scaling and modelling of mercury emissions from soils a comprehensive assessment of the processes controlling the emission of mercury from soils is imperative. We have developed a laboratory flux measurement system (LFMS) to study the effect of major environmental variables on the emission of mercury under controlled conditions. We have investigated the effects of turbulent mixing, soil temperature and solar radiation on the emission of mercury from soils. The emission of mercury from soils is constant over time under constant experimental conditions. The response of the mercury emission flux to variations of the atmospheric transfer parameters such as turbulence requires a rapid adjustment of the equilibrium that controls the Hg(o) concentration in the soil air. It has been shown that the light-induced flux is independent of the soil temperature and shows a strong spectral response to UV-B.     

Compliance with Canada’s Fisheries Act: A Field Audit of Habitat Compensation Projects

Loss of fish habitat in North America has occurred at an unprecedented rate through the last century. In response, the Canadian Parliament enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act. Under these provisions, a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat” (HADD) cannot occur unless authorised by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. The guiding principle to DFO’s conservation goal is “no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitats” (NNL). However, performance in achieving NNL has never been evaluated on a national scale. We investigated 52 habitat compensation projects across Canada to determine compliance with physical, biological, and chemical requirements of Section 35(2) Fisheries Act authorisations. Biological requirements had the lowest compliance (58%) and chemical requirements the highest (100%). Compliance with biological requirements differed among habitat categories and was poorest (19% compliance) in riparian habitats. Approximately 86% of authorisations had larger HADD and/or smaller compensation areas than authorised. The largest noncompliance in terms of habitat area occurred in riverine habitat in which HADDs were, on average, 343% larger than initially authorised. In total, 67% of compensation projects resulted in net losses of habitat area, 2% resulted in no net loss, and 31% achieved a net gain in habitat area. Interestingly, probable violations of the Fisheries Act were prevalent at half of the projects. Analyses indicated that the frequency of probable Fisheries Act violations differed among provinces. Habitat compensation to achieve NNL, as currently implemented in Canada, is at best only slowing the rate of habitat loss. In all likelihood, increasing the amount of authorised compensatory habitat in the absence of institutional changes will not reverse this trend. Improvements in monitoring and enforcement are necessary to move towards achieving Canada’s conservation goals.     

Pt/TiO2/ZSM-5在日光下氧化氨氮的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法和光沉积法制备了Pt/TiO2/ZSM-5催化剂。研究了铂修饰对催化剂的吸附性能的影响。考察了催化剂在日光照射下对氨氮的氧化,并以紫外光作为对比。结果表明铂的修饰,对催化剂的吸附能力有较大影响,还可以提高催化剂在日光照射条件下对氨氮的氧化效率和总氮去除率。在太阳光照射、空气曝气条件下,反应2h氨氮去除率达50.1%,总氮去除率达31.8%。     

全球气温上升因素研究--能源利用中热能散失对气温的影响

为了分析能源不完全利用产生的热能散失对近三十年来全球气温升高的影响,首先对近三十年来的全球气温、主要温室气体浓度和主要能源利用中的热能散失量等数据进行了收集和整理;结合各温室气体对温室效应的相对贡献值引入了温室效应值这一参数,之后通过二元线性回归法来分析温室效应和能耗散失双因素对气温升高的权重影响.借助于黑体辐射定律等相关物理模型,估算出分别由此二因素引起的全球气温升高值,并对两者贡献值进行了量化比较,结果表明,虽然温室效应是气温升高的主要原因,但热能散失也对这一气候变化具有一定程度的影响.     

全国辐射环境监测网络射频综合场强测量比对

在2011年全国辐射环境监测网络射频综合场强项目测量比对中,采用稳健统计方法对36家参比单位的78个比对测量结果进行统计分析。结果表明,全国各监测机构满意结果占87.3%,有问题结果占7.7%,离群结果占5%。对可能影响监测结果的若干因素进行了研究,如仪器型号等,反映了目前全国辐射环境监测网络射频电磁场测量项目的监测能力水平,为进一步开展质保工作提供了科学依据。     

辐射环境监测能力评估

以辐射环境监测作为环境监管基础,提出了辐射环境监测能力评估体系以及评估指标,并对全国省级环保系统辐射环境监测机构的能力进行了初步统计分析,为提高我国辐射环境监测能力,掌握目前辐射环境监测能力和核与辐射应急能力提供依据。     

甘家湖梭梭林国家级自然保护区退化梭梭的光合特性研究

梭梭是西北干旱地区重要的表征类群。本项目选取甘家湖梭梭林国家级自然保护区内退化梭梭生长的不同区域,即对照组(长势较好)区、沙鼠迫害区、牛羊践踏区,选择晴好天气,利用LI-6400XT便携式光合测定仪测得3个样地内退化梭梭叶片光合生理生态的相关指标,结果表明:梭梭净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)的日变化曲线呈双峰型,具有光合午休特点;由于3个样地所受干扰程度的不同,梭梭的净光合速率、蒸腾速率等各指标均有着显著的差异性,其中沙鼠迫害区与对照组区内梭梭光合指标差异性较为显著,牛羊践踏区内与对照组区梭梭无显著差异,光合能力总体表现出对照组区>牛羊践踏区>沙鼠迫害区。     

美国核电厂辐射环境监测与信息公开及其借鉴

综述了美国核电厂辐射环境监测管理体系和环境信息公开制度及法制化管理模式,对比分析了我国辐射环境监测与信息发布实际开展情况及存在问题,提出需借鉴美国核管理委员会(NRC,以下简称NRC)的管理经验,进一步完善我国辐射环境监测标准体系,建立辐射环境监测数据公开制度,加强公众参与制度建设,明确核电厂辐射环境监测管理边界等建议。     

太阳辐射对纯液体蒸发行为影响的实验研究

通过蒸发实验,考察了太阳辐射对液体苯、甲苯和乙醇蒸发行为的影响.实验结果表明,苯和甲苯表面温度随时间呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,而乙醇则呈现出先降低后恒定的趋势,且环境风速越大,这种变化趋势就越明显.液体表面温度的变化不但与太阳辐射强度以及环境风速的大小有关,还与液体本身的物理性质(如热容、蒸发潜热和饱和蒸气压)有关.因此,在预测液体的蒸发速率时,必须考虑太阳辐射或周围热辐射源对液体表面温度的影响.     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦叶片黄酮类化合物日变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,初步研究了UV-B辐射对灌浆期小麦叶片中黄酮类化合物含量日变化的影响.结果发现,UV-B胁迫条件下,黄酮类化合物含量明显上升,而胁迫解除后,其含量下降,与对照组间差异逐渐减小.合成黄酮类化合物的关键性酶--苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的变化也表现出大致相同的趋势.同时,UV-B辐射对小麦叶片净光合速率没有影响,但使其夜闯呼吸速率显著加强 .这些结果表明,小麦在UV-B胁迫解除前后黄酮类化合物的持续波动可能是植物在UV-B辐射条件下光合能力未受影响而生物量明显下降的一个重要原因.