国标与FCC美标手机比吸收率研究

针对国标与FCC美标在标准限值和测试部位的差异,通过实际测试采集数据对标准之间差异部分进行比对研究。     

OPC技术中控集成方案在危废处置中的应用

OPC的出现为基于Windows的应用程序和现场过程应用建立了桥梁,其规范了接口标准,使用户可以在不同的硬件设备间使用统一的方式去访问。由此,实现了一个完整的自动化集成方案,在面对不同厂商提供的子系统时,基于西门子工业以太网络SCALANCE X系列产品组建光纤冗余环网,通过OPC技术完成这种异构环境下网络互联和数据交换。同时构建具有工艺监控平台、数据集成、归档、发布和报警等功能为一体的中央监控系统。此方案摆脱了繁复的通信接口设计,且结构明了,实现简便,更具有强大的可扩展能力,为中央监控系统设计提供了可以依据的实例。     

The effect of environmental conditions on the ability of a constructed wetland to disinfect municipal wastewaters

Constructed wetlands are widely used all over the world for the treatment of municipal wastewaters, which are characterized by high concentrations of pathogens. The objectives of this study were (1) to study the effect of solar radiation and temperature on the ability of a constructed wetland to reduce the concentration of total coliforms (TC), and (2) to evaluate the relationship between the presence of Salmonella spp. in the outflow and the concentration of TC. The results of this study showed that under Mediterranean environmental conditions, the percentage reduction in coliforms was lower during winter compared to all other seasons. Maximum removal of coliforms was achieved under conditions of high solar radiation and temperature. In addition, solar radiation was found to play a greater role in coliform die-off at low temperatures than at high temperatures. Finally, it was found that the probability of Salmonella spp. appearance in the outflow of the wetland was related to the concentration of TC. The increase in coliform bacteria in the effluents also increased the chances of Salmonella appearance. The risk of Salmonella spp. appearance in the outflow is minimized when the concentration of TC is below 10²/100 mL.     

The risks of radiation

Summary The risks of radioactivity are a really complicated matter, yet they are much better known than are the risks relating to thousands of chemical poisons that occur in our environment. The greatest mistakes are probably made in the definition of safety margins. Except for the bombs dropped in Japan and one other case in the Marshall Islands, there has always—luckily—been a wide safety margin between fallout radiation and doses dangerous to health; the margin has actually been about 1000-fold. The Chernobyl dose of 0.5 mGy/year that we received is only 1/1000 of the acute dose of 0.5 Gy which would cause a slight and nonpermanent change in the blood picture.There is no such safety margin with respect to many air pollutants. The safety standards for sulfuric or nitric oxides, ozone and so on, have been set only just below the level that already causes a health hazard, and these standards are exceeded once in a while. Otherwise, traffic would have to be forbidden and many industrial plants, especially power stations using coal, would have to stop working whenever a low-temperature inversion occurred. Environmental radioactivity does not represent a likely health risk in Finland unless a nuclear war breaks out. Air pollutants, on the contrary, are a real and almost daily health risk that should be carefully considered when decisions about our energy production are being made.In spite of what happened at Chernobyl, global consumption of nuclear power will double by the year 2000, since there are about 140 nuclear power plants presently under construction. It is not likely that another catastrophe like Chernobyl will happen, yet nuclear plant accidents are of course possible, even if their likelihood is diminished by improving reactor safety and even if any eventual damage could be expected to be smaller. If a reactor is hooded by a containment structure, no significant release of radioactive materials should be possible even in case of an accident. However, we must be prepared to protect the population with carefully planned civil defense and radiation protection measures.I would like to sum up all of this as follows: The risks of radiation are a fact, but the fear they arouse is often disproportionate. There are risks related to all other methods of energy production as well; nuclear power is no exception in that respect. It is good that we aim at greater safety, but I hope that false presumptions will not lead us to mistaking a less safe alternative for a safer one.     

Radioactivity Monitored From Moored Oceanographic Buoys

The principles and operation of a gamma radiation sensor mounted on oceanographic buoys are described. the sensor has proved rugged in severe weather conditions and has satisfactory detection limits and accuracy. Continuous monitoring of artificially produced γ-emitters such as ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs, ¹³¹I, ¹³³I, ¹³²Te, naturally occuring emitters such as ⁴⁰k and ²¹⁴Bi in open sea conditions can provide important information in critical situations.     

放射性表面污染测定应注意的几个问题

对放射性表面污染如何准确测量的细节问题进行了较详尽的阐述。     

The effect of elevated UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation levels on Silene vulgaris: A comparison between a highland and a lowland population

Highland (altitude 1600 m above sea level) and lowland (altitude −2 m below sea level) populations of the perennial herb Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke, were tested on their response to elevated levels of UV-B radiation. Highland populations typically receive high natural UV-B fluxes, whereas lowland populations receive a lower natural UV-B dose. Adaptation to high UV-B levels of the highland population is to be expected. Experimental comparison of growth rates, gas exchange rates, transpiration and biochemical parameters using adult plants as well as seedlings did not show a difference in the response to elevated UV-B levels between the two populations. Individuals of both populations were relatively insensitive to elevated UV-B radiation. The response of alpine and lowland populations of Silene vulgaris is discussed in relation to the dispersal of this species after the last ice age.     

消除电力谐波污染 确保电网运行安全

笔者从维护绿色电力环境、确保电网运行安全的角度出发 ,简述了抑制和消除电网谐波污染意义 ,着重介绍了一种新颖的用于消除电网谐波污染的装置 (有源电力滤波器 )的滤波原理和研究。这种滤波器与传统的LC无源滤波器的区别在于它采用了积极主动的滤波方式 ,将检测到的电网谐波电流经DSP(高速数字处理器 )运算处理后生成谐波补偿电流指令信号 (六路PWM驱动信号 ) ,然后 ,用此信号去驱动由 6只MOSFET管组成的三相逆变电路 ,逆变电路产生谐波补偿电流去抵消电网谐波电流 (谐波补偿电流与谐波电流大小相等、方向相反 )。理论研究和实验结果表明 :在电力系统中使用该装置可动态抑制和消除谐波电流 ,为维护电网运行安全和绿色电力环境提供了必要的技术保障。     

人工电磁辐射源固有危险性指数法评价研究

在总结现有安全评价方法基础上,结合电磁辐射中对污染危害有影响的因素建立了电磁辐射源固有危险性评价的指数法评判模型.在该模型里,就电磁辐射源固有危险性评判的评价指标与等级选取、评价指标标准以及权重确定等进行了研究.     

手机电磁辐射安全评价

综述了手机辐射的原理、辐射危害、辐射场计算和辐射评价技术标准及其检测仪器,并提出了一些减小手机辐射的措施和建议.