汽车模拟日照太阳辐射试验设备研制

本文根据汽车整车太阳辐射试验的要求,介绍了自主设计的基于红外线灯泡阵列的无紫外线汽车模拟太阳辐射试验设备的总体方案,并重点讨论了在光源、电气控制等各方面的设计思路及具体实现过程。     

太阳能光伏发电成本及展望

针对太阳能电池的昂贵发电成本,分析和预测了国内外的太阳能光伏产业链的现状与发展;指出研制高效率、低成本太阳能光伏发电系统将是今后的任务。     

澳洲冷空气活动与长江中下游降水的联系分析

利用澳洲范围700 hPa温度场的再分析资料和长江中下游降水资料,通过谱分析方法,试析了澳洲冷空气活动对我国长江中下游主汛期降水的影响,并进一步分析了西太平洋副热带高压在此中起的作用。研究结果表明：在我国夏季,澳洲变温与涝年长江中下游主汛期的降水都具有77 d的周期,两者存在着77 d周期的遥相关,同时在77 d的周期两者呈现同位相振荡。也就表明在77 d的周期澳洲冷高压变动时经73 d后影响长江中下游降水。同时也得出澳洲冷高压强时,西太平洋副热带高压北移,长江中下游受西太平洋副热带高压控制,晴天少雨;澳洲冷高压弱时,西太平洋副热带高压南落,长江中下游处西太平洋副热带高压边缘,多降水天气。以上结论对长江中下游降水预报有一定的指示意义。     

垃圾渗滤液处理工艺中有机污染物的三维荧光光谱

利用荧光发射和三维荧光光谱研究了三峡库区某垃圾堆场的渗滤液及其处理工艺出水溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱特性。堆场渗滤液的DOM含有类酪氨酸、色氨酸及紫外区类富里酸,特征荧光峰中心位于E_x/E_m=275 nm/305 nm,为高激发波长类酪氨酸,与前人的研究结果并不一致,这可能与垃圾的堆放期有关。渗滤液和各处理工艺出水的荧光指数f_450/500均大于1.9,表明腐殖质主要为微生物源。渗滤液在处理前后荧光峰特征和强度均发生明显改变,类蛋白荧光强度与DOC值变化趋势基本一致。生化处理工艺中,类蛋白荧光强度降低了66.4%～95.5%,紫外区类富里酸荧光强度只降低了28.8%,显示类蛋白质具有良好的可生化性,而类富里酸相对较难生化降解。三维荧光光谱能反映渗滤液处理过程中污染物的种类、性质和数量等变化信息,能快速地进行定性分析、定量评价。     

Improving the Integration of Recreation Management with Management of Other Natural Resources by Applying Concepts of Scale from Ecology

In this article, we examine how issues of scale affect the integration of recreation management with the management of other natural resources on public lands. We present two theories used to address scale issues in ecology and explore how they can improve the two most widely applied recreation-planning frameworks. The theory of patch dynamics and hierarchy theory are applied to the recreation opportunity spectrum (ROS) and the limits of acceptable change (LAC) recreation-planning frameworks. These frameworks have been widely adopted internationally, and improving their ability to integrate with other aspects of natural resource management has significant social and conservation implications. We propose that incorporating ecologic criteria and scale concepts into these recreation-planning frameworks will improve the foundation for integrated land management by resolving issues of incongruent boundaries, mismatched scales, and multiple-scale analysis. Specifically, we argue that whereas the spatially explicit process of the ROS facilitates integrated decision making, its lack of ecologic criteria, broad extent, and large patch size decrease its usefulness for integration at finer scales. The LAC provides explicit considerations for weighing competing values, but measurement of recreation disturbances within an LAC analysis is often done at too fine a grain and at too narrow an extent for integration with other recreation and resource concerns. We suggest that planners should perform analysis at multiple scales when making management decisions that involve trade-offs among competing values. The United States Forest Service is used as an example to discuss how resource-management agencies can improve this integration.     

Determination of alcohol compounds using corona discharge ion mobility spectrometry

Ion mobility spectrometry （IMS） is a very fast, highly sensitive, and inexpensive technique, it permits efficient monitoring of volatile organic compounds like alcohols. In this article, positive ion mobility spectra for six alcohol organic compounds have been systematically studied for the first time using a high-resolution IMS apparatus equipped with a discharge ionization source. Utilizing protonated water cluster ions （H2O）nH^＋ as the reactant ions and clean air as the drift gas, alcohol organic compounds, ethanol, 1- propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 2-octanol, all exhibit product ion characteristic peaks in their respective ion mobility spectrometry, that is a result of proton transfer reactions between the alcohols and reaction ions （H2O）nH^＋. The mixture of these alcohols, including two isomers, has been detected, and the results showed that they could be distinguished effectively in the ion mobility spectrum. The reduced mobility values have been determined, which are in very well agreement with the traditional ^63Ni-IMS experimental values. The exponential dilution method was used to calibrate the alcohol concentrations, and a detection limit available for the alcohols is in order of magnitude of a few ng/L.     

Number concentration and size distributions of submicron particles in Jinan urban area： Characteristics in summer and winter

The aerosol number concentration and size distribution were measured with the newly developed Wide-range Particle Spectrometer in summer and winter of 2006 at the urban site of Jinan City.Here reported the characteristics of fine particles of the different observation seasons.Relative high number concentrations for the particles in the diameter range of 10-500 nm were observed in both seasons.It was found that the dominant number distributed in particle diameter smaller than 100 nm and the percentage over the number concentration of all air particles is much higher than what has been measured in other urban sites over the world.The number mean diameter in summer was much smaller than in winter,strongly suggesting the different origin of ultrafine particles in different seasons.That is, particles in ultrafine mode mainly came from nucleation and new particle formation in summer while from traffic emission in winter. The diurnal variation also supported this point.Number concentration in the diameter range of 10-200 nm got their peak values at noontime,well correlated with the mixing ratio of SO_2 and the intensity of solar radiation in summer.While in winter,those in the same diameter range showed the main peaks during the traffic hours happened in the morning and evening.     

生化恐怖威胁谱系研究进展

评述国内外生化恐怖威胁谱系研究现状;从基于综合因素、基于使用可能、基于杀伤破坏能力和基于袭击主体等方面对生化恐怖威胁源的分类体系和威胁清单进行归纳与梳理;建立了以易得性、毒害性、可用性和防护性为主要评价指标的生化恐怖威胁源评估体系;对进一步开展生化恐怖威胁谱系研究提出了若干建议和思考。研究表明:生化恐怖威胁谱系是一个动态的复杂概念集合,科学地确定评价指标、深入开展生化恐怖威胁谱系研究对于鉴别生化恐怖威胁源及建设反生化恐怖技术能力意义重大。     

胶州湾围隔实验中溶解有机物三维荧光特征

利用三维荧光激发发射矩阵光谱法(EEMS),测定胶州湾围隔实验中不同营养盐条件下产生的溶解有机物的三维荧光特性.结果显示,浮游植物可产生类蛋白和类腐殖质荧光,类蛋白荧光峰由类酪氨酸(tyrosine-like)荧光峰和类色氨酸(tryptophan-like)荧光峰组成,主要位置为Ex_max/Em_max=270 nm/290～310 nm,Ex_max/Em_max=270～290 nm/320～350 nm的荧光峰强度比较弱;在Ex_max/Em_max=250～260 nm/380～480 nm(A峰)、Ex_max/Em_max=310～320 nm/380～420 nm(C峰)和Ex_max/Em_max=330～350 nm/420～480 nm(M峰)位置均出现零散的类腐殖质荧光峰,其中以A峰为主.类酪氨酸荧光强度明显高于类腐殖质荧光强度.浮游植物量降低时,类酪氨酸荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度呈明显的负相关.硅藻和甲藻产生的类酪氨酸和类色氨酸荧光强度之间具有较好的相关性,两者来源相似, 并且甲藻与硅藻相比能够产生更多的类蛋白荧光物质.不同环境下类腐殖质混合物的组分比例不同,甲藻生长环境下相对于硅藻具有较低的A/C比值.     

质谱技术在环境突发性事故中的应用

介绍了质谱技术在环境突发性事故应急监测中的应用,通过分析化工仓库爆炸应急监测和水厂污染事故调查监测两个实际案例,指出质谱技术能提供准确的定性定量结果,是环境突发性事故应急监测强有力的手段和工具.