A numerical model for drying of spherical object in an indirect type solar dryer and estimating the drying time at different moisture level and air temperature

A numerical model for simultaneous heat and mass transfer was developed for solar drying of spherical objects and the object considered is green peas. Solar collector outlet temperature is assumed as drying chamber temperature and justified through energy balance equations. Assumptions are imposed on heat and mass transfer governing equations without losing the physics of the problem. Discretization is performed by finite difference method with implicit scheme. To generalize, the governing equation and boundary conditions are non-dimensionalized. The set of finite difference equations was solved by Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm and a computer code in MATLAB was developed to solve them. The drying curves showed two stages of drying, initial, and secondary drying stage. At all drying temperatures and drying time, the center moisture was maximum and it was minimum at the boundary. A percentage of 85.67 surface moisture content and 25.33% center moisture was eliminated in the first 1 hr at 348 K. The product should be dried up to 7.45, 4.74, and 3.74 hr at air drying temperatures of 318, 333, and 348 K respectively, to maintain 10% of the product’s initial moisture content. The result is compared with the experimental result from literature and they are found to be in good agreement.     

Studies of the effects of temperatures and solar radiation on volatilization,mineralization and binding of 14c‐DDT in soil under laboratory conditions

Abstract

The effects of temperatures and solar radiation on the dissipation of ¹⁴C‐p,p'‐DDT from a loam soil was studied by quantifying volatilization, mineralization and binding. The major DDT loss occurred by volatilization, which was 1.8 times more at 45^oC than at ambient temperature (30°C). Mineralization of DDT slowly increased with time but it decreased slightly with increase in temperature. Binding of DDT to soil was found to be less at higher temperatures (35 and 45°C) as compared to ambient temperature. Degradation of DDT to DDE was faster at higher temperatures.

Exposure of non‐sterilized and sterilized soils treated with ¹⁴C‐DDT to sunlight in quartz and dark tubes for 6 weeks resulted in significant losses. Volatilization and mineralization in quartz tubes were more as compared to dark tubes. The volatilized organics from the quartz tubes contained larger amounts of p,p'‐DDE than the dark tubes. Further, higher rates of volatilization were found in non‐sterilized soils than in sterilized soils. The results suggest that faster dissipation of DDT from soil under local conditions relates predominantly to increased volatilization as influenced by high temperature and intense solar radiation.     

内蒙古草原光合有效辐射的计算方法

2002年夏季,对内蒙古草原太阳分光辐射以及气象因素进行了同步观测。依据一定的物理基础,在对实测资料进行分析的基础上,计算得到了内蒙古草原地区光合有效辐射某一时段累计值的经验公式。实际天气条件下,计算结果与观测值比较接近,该经验公式的适用性亦比较好。根据不同条件,可以选择不同的因子来计算光合有效辐射。当选择全部因子时,计算值与观测值的最大相对偏差为8 13%,平均相对偏差为2 45%。研究表明,大气中所有物质对光合有效辐射的吸收作用小于它们的散射作用。      

Water-saving Technologies,Solar Green House and Ecological Rehabilitation in Minqin Oasis of Gansu Province,China

Abstract

Land degradation and desertification have become severe environmental problems in arid areas due to excessive use of water resources. It is urgent to reduce agricultural water use for ecological rehabilitation, which may result in a decrease in agricultural production and farmer’s welfare. This paper focused on the impacts of some main measures including extensions of water-saving irrigation, expanding solar green house and increasing off-farm employment, which are generally recognized to be important to alleviate water shortage and poverty. A bio-economic model is applied taking Minqin Oasis in Gansu Province as a case study site. Simulation results showed that the effect of expanding solar greenhouse was more positive than other ones so it drew more attention. On the view of the different effects between each irrigation zone, mixed policy patterns suitable for them are suggested. In Baqu, expanding solar greenhouse should be the most important, auxiliary with encouraging pipe irrigation. Inversely, with regard to Quanshan, the major attention should be paid to subsidy for pipe irrigation and it would be better to supply the off-farm employment opportunities to the households in Huqu, where the expanding of solar greenhouse should also be summoned. Finally, it should be noted that farmer’s income would only resume to 90% of the current level in the short run by putting more effort into local policies. Thus, the ecological compensation is needed to ensure farmer’s welfare.     

The performance of solar powered desiccant dehumidifier in India: an experimental investigation

The regeneration and adsorption of desiccant wheel for producing the dry air was experimentally investigated. The air needed for regeneration was heated in an evacuated tube solar collector with surface area 4.44 m². The desiccant wheel is regenerated at the temperature in the range of 43.9–72.6°C. The regeneration and adsorption performances are affected by the regeneration temperature, wheel rotation, air flow rate (process and regeneration) and ambient conditions. By comparing the adsorption and regeneration performance at different air flow rate and constant rph, it was found that maximum adsorption and regeneration rates are obtained at air flow rate of 210.789 kg/h. Regeneration temperature directly affects the effectiveness of the desiccant wheel. Maximum desiccant wheel effectiveness of regeneration sector and adsorption sector is obtained at air flow rate of 105.394 kg/h. The regeneration performance of desiccant wheel with evacuated tube solar air collector is suitable for the Indian climate.     

电动汽车车内磁场强度曝露水平监测与分析

针对公众关注的电动汽车运行时车内电磁辐射的影响水平,选取国内外主流车企不同车型的纯电动汽车20辆,利用改进的监测系统开展了不同型号的电动汽车运行时不同工况、座椅、点位的低频磁场监测,同时获取时域和频域数据,了解车内磁场强度水平及频谱的变化及分布规律。通过SPSS软件对监测数据进行了单因素方差分析、相关性分析等统计分析,并对监测数据进行了分类数值统计,对频域数据进行了散点图和频点测值对标分析等。分析发现,车内电磁辐射频率主要集中在100 kHz以下;不同运行工况对电动汽车车内磁场强度的影响显著,加、减速时车内磁场强度最高,怠速时最低,匀速时随着速度提升,磁场强度随之增大;车内不同座椅的磁场曝露水平基本一致,但同一座椅自下而上磁场强度依次递减。     

东北地区-大连臭氧浓度分布与影响因素研究

随着经济社会的发展,人们对环境质量更加重视,光化学烟雾成为影响城市环境空气质量的重要因素。利用东北地区大连市全年臭氧监测的时间浓度,对臭氧污染的浓度分布特征,时间以及季节变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:臭氧浓度变化受太阳辐射强度和气温的影响明显,呈单峰型变化,臭氧浓度季节变化趋势明显。春、夏季节臭氧浓度较高,秋季臭氧浓度次之,臭氧与大气中的NO、NO2、CO、VOCs等前体物的浓度、太阳辐射的强度以及CO的浓度都有不同程度的相关性。     

光伏发电和燃煤发电的生命周期评价比较研究

文章运用生命周期评价（life cycle assessment,LCA）的分类、特征化、量化处理的方法,对多晶硅太阳能光伏发电和燃煤发电的全过程进行环境影响评价.通过收集两者的资源消耗量和污染物排放量,建立两者全生命周期资源消耗及污染物排放清单,得到相应的资源消耗系数和环境影响潜值.综合多晶硅太阳能光伏发电和燃煤发电全生命周期评价结果,从资源消耗和环境影响的角度来看,与传统燃煤发电相比,多晶硅太阳能光伏发电具有明显的优势.     

富里酸红外特征差异与其吸附沥青质行为间关系的研究

通过考察连续碱提富里酸级分的红外光谱及其与沥青质间的吸附行为特征,探讨了富里酸官能团红外特征差异与沥青质吸附行为间的关系。结果表明:连续碱提得到的各级富里酸所含官能团整体组成结构相近,但是在含氧基团和芳香族基团的红外特征上存在较大差异,其红外特征峰面积表现为:一级富里酸>三级富里酸>二级富里酸;随着富里酸中OH基团、芳香基团以及C—O基团红外特征的增强,其对沥青质的吸附速率增大,结合力增强,总体呈正相关关系,而其吸附沥青质展现出的非线性特征愈弱,总体呈负相关关系;适当升温会使吸附特征参数随基团红外特征强度发生变化,分析认为,升温引起的分子热运动增强以及吸附结合强度大小改变可能是导致该现象的主要原因。     

不同堆肥工艺处理的城市污水污泥对滨海湿地土壤中养分释放特征和潜力的影响

通过土壤培养实验研究了4种不同堆肥［纯城市污水污泥堆肥、玉米秸秆生物炭（CSB）改良堆肥、益生菌菌剂（EM）改良堆肥和CSB+EM改良堆肥］在土壤中的碳、氮、磷和钾等养分释放特性及其对土壤溶解有机质（DOM）光谱特征、微生物群落的影响.结果表明,堆肥添加可显著降低土壤的pH,提高土壤的电导率,同时提高土壤中植物可利用养分［如可溶性有机碳（DOC）、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N、速效磷（AP）和速效钾（AK）］含量;比较不同堆肥发现CSB+EM改良堆肥（CSB+EM-C）具备更高的养分释放潜力,且同时显著提高土壤DOM的腐殖化程度;高通量测序结果发现堆肥添加可以增加优势菌门水平上的相对丰度（如变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门）,但不同堆肥之间有所差异,其中CSB+EM-C的提高潜力最大.综合上述结果证实CSB+EM的堆肥工艺具有最佳的堆肥养分供应和改善土壤质量的潜力.该研究能够为建立有效的城市污水污泥资源化利用和滨海湿地退化土壤改良综合技术策略提供科学的理论依据.