PCR-DGGE技术解析固体碳源表面生物膜的微生物群落结构

以聚乳酸/聚羟基丁酸戊酸共聚酯(PLA/PHBV)作为填充床反应器的碳源和生物膜载体,对受硝酸盐污染的水进行生物反硝化脱氮.采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术分析了PLA/PHBV表面生物膜中微生物群落的结构和动态变化.结果表明,反应器运行初期,生物膜中微生物多样性下降.当反应器稳定运行时,DGGE图谱特征条带的香农威尔指数和辛普森指数均变化不大,微生物群落结构保持相对稳定.DGGE图谱特征条带的16S rDNA序列分析及扫描电镜分析的结果表明,生物膜中的主要微生物均为革兰氏阴性杆菌,包括Diaphorobacter、Acidovorax、Rubrivivax、Azospira、Thermomonas和Devosia,它们分别属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的α-,β-和γ-变形菌纲,其中Diaphorobacter为反应器稳定运行期生物膜中丰度最高的菌群.     

固相微萃取和固相萃取评价多环芳烃降解过程中的生物有效性变化

为了揭示多环芳烃(PAHs)降解过程中的生物有效性变化规律,应用PAHs降解菌剂对PAHs污染焦化厂土壤进行微生物修复,采用固相微萃取及固相萃取方法提取评价PAHs的生物有效性,分析降解率和生物有效性变化的差异及相关关系.结果表明,该焦化厂土壤中PAHs总量以低环PAH为主,微生物菌剂对土壤总PAHs降解率为68.3%;微生物作用后,孔隙水中PAHs的降低以3、4环为主,孔隙水中PAHs变化率普遍低于土壤中的降解率;Tenax-TA提取降解前后土壤中的PAHs,降解后3、4环PAHs的快速解吸组分降低,5、6环的快速解吸组分变化不大;土壤中PAHs降解量分别与PAHs孔隙水浓度和Tenax-TA快速提取量存在相关关系.以上结果表明可用PAHs孔隙水浓度以及Tenax-TA快速提取量预测微生物对土壤PAHs的降解,这为焦化厂土壤PAHs污染的修复提供了理论依据.     

Using pruning residues as mulch: analysis of its adoption and process of diffusion in Southern Spain olive orchards

This paper analyses both the processes of adoption and diffusion of the practice of using the chopped residues of pruning as mulch in the olive orchards of the Southern Spanish province of Granada, one of the major olive-producing areas in the world. Many olive groves in the area are located on steep areas where the risk of soil erosion is high. A majority of farmers have adopted no tillage, as an alternative to traditional tillage, combined with either vegetation soil covers or, more frequently, using the chopped pruning residues as mulch. The data used comes from a survey carried out in 2005 to 215 olive farmers. From farmers' responses we estimate a binomial probit model to identify some socio-economic and institutional factors related to the decision to use the practice of mulching on a regular basis. We also estimate several diffusion models that describe the spatial and temporal spread of mulching among farmers. Our results show that mulching using the pruning residues is adopted by 43% of the surveyed farmers. The diffusion process of this practice has been very intense since the middle nineties, and seems to have been based on the interactions among farmers in the area of study rather than in other external source of information. Some of the relevant identified factors that affect the probability of adoption of this practice are farmer's experience, the level of soil degradation in the farm or the continuity of farming by some relative.     

Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds1

Schilling, Keith E., Thomas M. Isenhart, Jason A. Palmer, Calvin F. Wolter, and Jean Spooner, 2011. Impacts of Land‐Cover Change on Suspended Sediment Transport in Two Agricultural Watersheds. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(4):672‐686. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00533.x Abstract: Suspended sediment is a major water quality problem, yet few monitoring studies have been of sufficient scale and duration to assess the effectiveness of land‐use change or conservation practice implementation at a watershed scale. Daily discharge and suspended sediment export from two 5,000‐ha watersheds in central Iowa were monitored over a 10‐year period (water years 1996‐2005). In Walnut Creek watershed, a large portion of land was converted from row crop to native prairie, whereas in Squaw Creek land use remained predominantly row crop agriculture. Suspended sediment loads were similar in both watersheds, exhibiting flashy behavior typical of incised channels. Modeling suggested that expected total soil erosion in Walnut Creek should have been reduced 46% relative to Squaw Creek due to changes in land use, yet measured suspended sediment loads showed no significant differences. Stream mapping indicated that Walnut Creek had three times more eroding streambank lengths than did Squaw Creek suggesting that streambank erosion dominated sediment sources in Walnut Creek and sheet and rill sources dominated sediment sources in Squaw Creek. Our results demonstrate that an accounting of all sources of sediment erosion and delivery is needed to characterize sediment reductions in watershed projects combined with long‐term, intensive monitoring and modeling to account for possible lag times in the manifestation of the benefits of conservation practices on water quality.     

苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统构建与实施

通过对苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统的建立背景、构建目标、系统概述、总体设计等方面的内容进行阐述,说明了苏州市固体废物安全自动监控系统.可以为各级环保部门提供科学、准确的基础数据和决策依据,是提升环境监测监管的必经之路.     

北京密闭式垃圾清洁站内外大气监测与安全距离

以北京海淀区为例,对密闭式垃圾清洁站的分布及内外部的大气状况进行了监测并运用大气扩散模型探讨了垃圾清洁站的安全防护距离.结果表明:海淀区垃圾清洁站的分布不均衡;所有垃圾清洁站内外的大气污染物中,H2S、NH3、S02、N02、二硫化碳、苯乙烯、TSP、CO等指标均符合中国相关排放标准;转运站内部三甲胺、甲硫醇、甲硫醚、...     

黄土丘陵区侵蚀坡面土壤微生物量碳时空动态及影响因素

以黄土丘陵区具有典型侵蚀和沉积部位的5个有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,通过对雨季土壤微生物量碳的研究,辨析了侵蚀-沉积条件下坡面土壤微生物量碳时空变化的影响因素及影响程度.结果表明：①土壤侵蚀导致坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤温湿度、有机碳含量出现明显的时空分异,分异程度与土壤有机碳水平有关;②雨季末土壤微生物量碳相比雨季前显著增加,增幅可达91.08%~286.83%.坡面沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量大于侵蚀区,随着土壤有机碳水平升高,侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳含量差增大,空间分异加剧;③坡面侵蚀-沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤有机碳含量、温度、湿度等因素的敏感程度不同,雨季前土壤微生物量碳对土壤湿度变化最敏感,而雨季末沉积区土壤微生物量碳对土壤温度变化最敏感,在侵蚀区对土壤有机碳变化更为敏感.土壤侵蚀和季节变化是导致坡面土壤微生物量碳时空分布差异的重要原因,土壤微生物量碳对影响因素的敏感性差异主要是不同时空条件下限制性要素的转换所致.     

The potential contribution of sustainable waste management to energy use and greenhouse gas emission reduction in the Netherlands

Future limitations on the availability of selected resources stress the need for increased material efficiency. In addition, in a climate-constrained world the impact of resource use on greenhouse gas emissions should be minimized. Waste management is key to achieve sustainable resource management. Ways to use resources more efficiently include prevention of waste, reuse of products and materials, and recycling of materials, while incineration and anaerobic digestion may recover part of the embodied energy of materials. This study used iWaste, a simulation model, to investigate the extent to which savings in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions can be achieved in the Netherlands through recycling of waste streams versus waste incineration, and to assess the extent to which this potential is reflected in the LAP2 (currently initiated policy). Three waste streams (i.e. household waste, bulky household waste, and construction and demolition waste) and three scenarios compare current policy to scenarios that focus on high-quality recycling (Recycling+) or incineration with increased efficiency (Incineration+). The results show that aiming for more and high-quality recycling can result in emission reductions of 2.3 MtCO₂ annually in the Netherlands compared to the reference situation in 2008. The main contributors to this reduction potential are found in optimizing the recycling of plastics (PET, PE and PP), textiles, paper, and organic waste. A scenario assuming a higher energy conversion efficiency of the incinerator treating the residual waste stream, achieves an emission reduction equivalent to only one third (0.7 MtCO₂/year) of the reduction achieved in the Recycling+ scenario. Furthermore, the results of the study show that currently initiated policy only partially realizes the full potential identified. A focus on highest quality use of recovered materials is essential to realize the full potential energy and CO₂ emission reduction identified for the Netherlands. Detailed economic and technical analyses of high quality recycling are recommended to further evaluate viable integrated waste management policies.     

Land Degradation Evaluation in North Hebei Province Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Land degradation is one of the serious environmental problems that can lead to poverty, and is especially prominent in eco-fragile areas in developing countries and increases the risk of environmental safety. North Hebei Province belongs to an ecologically fragile region in North China, which has great impact on the eco-safety of Beijing and Tianjin. Using Landsat TM data and GIS, this paper evaluates land degradation in North Hebei province of China from the the 1960＇s to 1987 and 2000. Land use/cover change pattern from 1987 to 2000, its regional difference and forest change characteristics will also be analyzed; soil erosion intensity and arable land suitability were also evaluated. Results revealed that land use/cover pattern in this study area did not change greatly from 1987 to 2000. The structure and function of regional land ecosystem was at a level of local improvement and integral deterioration. Land above medium soil erosion intensity reached 21 percent, which was also the area with a serious soil erosion and land degradation problem. Soil erosion and land degradation intensity of grassland was the biggest. For the present arable land, the proportion of high suitability was 13 percent.     

Poverty and the Deterioration of Natural Soil Capital in the Peruvian Altiplano

The Peruvian altiplano is a marginal agricultural region with limited infrastructure, climate constraints, and high levels of poverty. Data were collected from 265 farms in four different agricultural regions, and data from three of those regions are analyzed here. Regressions were run with soil nutrient loss, soil depth loss, and yield loss over the past 20 years, as perceived by farmers. Location, topographical and management factors were considered. Additional regressions were run to examine the determinants of two agricultural management practices which were found to affect soil quality, namely fallowing and ploughing vertical furrows. Use of traditional fallowing (aynoca) was associated with helping to preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with more education, with higher non-farm income, and in villages which had benefitted from natural resource development projects. Vertical furrowing similarly was associated with helping preserve soil quality, and was practiced by households with fewer unmet basic needs. These results have implications for the agricultural and development strategies to be followed in the region.