A comparative assessment of waste incinerators in the UK

The uptake in Europe of Energy from Waste (EfW) incinerator plants has increased rapidly in recent years. In the UK, 25 municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery are now in operation; however, their waste supply chains and business practices vary significantly. With over a hundred more plant developments being considered it is important to establish best business practices for ensuring efficient environmental and operational performance. By reviewing the 25 plants we identify four suitable case study plants to compare technologies (moving grate, fluidised bed and rotary kiln), plant economics and operations. Using data collected from annual reports and through interviews and site visits we provide recommendations for improving the supply chain for waste incinerators and highlight the current issues and challenges faced by the industry. We find that plants using moving grate have a high availability of 87–92%. However, compared to the fluidised bed and rotary kiln, quantities of bottom ash and emissions of hydrogen chloride and carbon monoxide are high. The uptake of integrated recycling practices, combined heat and power, and post incineration non-ferrous metal collections needs to be increased among EfW incinerators in the UK. We conclude that one of the major difficulties encountered by waste facilities is the appropriate selection of technology, capacity, site, waste suppliers and heat consumers. This study will be of particular value to EfW plant developers, government authorities and researchers working within the sector of waste management.     

用固体力学化学理论研究岩土的力学化学行为——以成都龙泉紫色土为例

根据固体力学化学理论 ,提出用化学动力学方法研究岩土破坏及滑坡形成的机理 ,并以成都龙泉紫色土为例研究了在力与水协同作用下易滑土层的力学化学行为。实验表明 ,土长期抗剪强度降低的幅度与溶液的pH值有关 ,土的溶解速度与易溶盐含量有关 ,且溶解曲线略呈“S”型。这初步证明了龙泉紫色土破坏的力学 化学效应及其可能存在的自催化趋势。通过实验了解了力与水协同作用导致土破坏的力学化学规律 ,并将定量求解滑面长期抗剪强度与反应机理研究结合起来 ,为定量评价地下水和应力对岩土破坏机理这一滑坡学关键问题打下基础。     

微波技术在环境保护领域的应用

综述了当前微波技术在环境保护领域的应用和研究状况，着重介绍了微波技术在废气处理，废水处理，固体废弃物处理，环境监测等方面的应用，讨论了应用存在的一些问题，并展望了微波技术在环境保护领域的应用前景。     

小氮肥厂的三废及其治理

论述了小氮肥厂生产中废水、废气和废渣和产生及其废水，废气的治理方法与效果。介绍了利用废渣制砖和水泥的技术。     

城市生活垃圾综合处理前分选系统设计

本文以江油市城市生活垃圾处理厂为工程实例,介绍了垃圾前分选系统中的垃圾储料车间、行车与抓斗、垃圾上料机构、双层振动筛以及人工分选平台的工艺设计参数及设计依据,并在此基础上提出了该系统的改进建议.     

垃圾填埋二次污染的危害与防治

介绍了垃圾卫生填埋中二次污染的危害,指出垃圾卫生填埋场建设和填埋操作中为防止填埋释放物对周围环境的二次污染所应采取的防渗、收集、处理和利用等措施,探讨了在垃圾卫生填埋场建设和填埋操作中应注意的问题及应着重考虑的方面.     

百口泉地下水电导率与溶解性总固体相关性讨论

由于溶解性总固体的测定较为复杂,平行性、稳定性差,而电导率的测定简便、迅速,重现性、稳定性好,若二者相关关系显著,可通过测定电导率,按一定的比例推算水中溶解性总固体的量。通过对百口泉地下水的溶解性总固体与电导率的相关性的监测、分析,经统计检验,线性关系显著,其比值范围在065～076,均值为07,即百口泉地下水的电导率1μs/cm相当于070mg/L的溶解性总固体。     

The composting potential of different organic solid wastes: experience from the island of Crete

For the past 20 years, the National Foundation for Agricultural Research in Crete and the School of Agricultural Technology of the Technological and Educational Institute of Crete have been involved in a number of research and development activities, related to the production and evaluation of compost derived from a variety of local solid, mainly agricultural organic wastes. Materials such as olive press cake, olive tree leaves (OTL) and branches, vine branches (VB), pressed grape skins (PGS), pig manure (PM), sewage sludge and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) have been evaluated for their behaviour during composting, their compatibility in mixtures and the quality of the end product. The quality evaluation included both a detailed physiochemical (pH, electrical conductivity (EC), nutrients concentration, heavy metal concentration, etc.) and biological analyses (pathogenic microorganisms). It also included an agronomic evaluation, in which composts were used either as a soil amendment or as a component for substrates in open air or covered (greenhouse) cultivation mainly of local vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers, etc.). All materials were composted successfully, especially when mixed. The end products contained large amounts of organic matter, usually combined with an increased EC value. Pressed grape skins should be considered as the ideal raw material, producing a high quality compost, with the lowest EC value (1.57 mS cm(-1)) and the largest organic matter concentration (84.50%), compared to all other materials. When any of the produced compost was used in a ratio of 30% by volume (v/v), it increased plant growth, whereas in larger volumes, it presented phytotoxic behaviour, inhibiting both root and shoot development.     

新疆油田稠油开发固体废物对环境的影响及处置措施

新疆油田九1～九5区稠油开发过程中,产生了大量的固体废物,主要包括落地原油、废钻井液和岩屑及原油处理站的含油泥砂,如果处理不当,会对环境造成极大的危害。通过对各主要污染物的环境影响分析,提出了几种针对性的防治措施,以确保油田开发实现清洁生产,达到经济效益、环境效益和社会效益统一。     

我国城市生活垃圾的处理和发展趋势

城市生活垃圾给城市环境造成了严重污染，威胁了城市居民的生存环境和经济、社会的可持续发展。目前，国内采取的垃圾处理技术主要有卫生填埋、焚烧、堆肥等，热解技术由于具有资源回收率高、二次污染小、综合效益好等优点，越来越适合我国中小城市的垃圾处理。垃圾气化技术的研究成为当今世界的热点。此外，我国对垃圾衍生燃料的研究也刚刚起步。为促进城市持续、稳定的发展，提出了垃圾分类收集、分拣、综合利用垃圾处理技术的措施。