两步煅烧法回收芬顿污泥

以芬顿污泥为原料,采用两步煅烧法通过氧化还原作用制备四氧化三铁将铁泥回收。结果表明：污泥中铁元素的转变顺序为羟基氧化铁→氧化铁→四氧化三铁→氧化亚铁→铁单质。芬顿污泥中铁元素主要以羟基氧化铁的形式存在,在第一步400℃煅烧3 h以后,污泥主要成分为氧化铁。在第二步煅烧中,铁的存在形式与加入碳粉后的反应温度关系密切,700℃污泥中的铁主要是以四氧化三铁的形式存在,此时用磁选技术即可将具有磁性的四氧化三铁分离出来,此技术在工艺流程中没有产生废水、危废等物质,过程中的主要材料污泥与碳粉原料简单且完全可回收,减少了二次污染,此技术在工业水处理领域有很好的应用前景。     

聚离子液体刷接枝改性PVDF膜及其对药物硫酸氢氯吡咯雷分离性能研究

以聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)超滤膜为底膜,通过浸渍法使多巴胺(DOPA)在膜表面形成聚多巴胺(PDOPA)层,然后由化学反应固定溴代卤化物,并通过原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)反应在膜表面接枝聚离子液体刷(PBIVm-Br),以制备聚离子液体刷改性PVDF膜,即PVDF-g-PBIVm-Br膜.结果表明,改性PVDF膜的接触角下降至60°以下且显示出良好的荷正电性.改性膜的药物通量和截留率均大于未改性PVDF膜,分离10 mg·L~(-1)的硫酸氢氯吡咯雷时,改性膜(M4)的药物通量可达27.62 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率为89.03%,通量恢复率为95.32%.经过60 h分离实验后,膜M4对硫酸氢氯吡咯雷溶液的分离通量维持在18.05 L·m~(-2)·h~(-1),截留率从89.03%上升到92.19%.以上结果表明,聚离子液体刷改性膜在荷正电有机污染物的分离方面具有一定的应用前景.     

自动分选+固液分离+油水分离工艺餐厨垃圾处理工程

某餐厨垃圾处理工程项目,日餐厨垃圾处理量为30 t/d,采用"自动分选+固液分离+油水分离"组合工艺,其处理结果显示:各项指标满足国家标准CJJ 184—2012《餐厨垃圾处理技术规范》的要求。运行实践证明,该工艺技术先进、工艺合理,工程投资成本和运营成本低,能够有效实现废物的资源化利用,尤为适合小型餐厨垃圾处理项目。     

我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率测算及其统计数据收集对策

我国将生活垃圾分类收集定位为重要民生工程和生态文明建设的工作内容,并对实施生活垃圾强制分类的示范城市明确提出了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的绩效考核目标。由于城市生活垃圾处理和再生资源回收利用由不同职能部门负责管理,不同来源的生活垃圾回收利用统计数据未有效整合,目前还缺乏我国城市生活垃圾回收利用率指标测算的相关研究。本文界定了"生活垃圾回收利用率"的科学内涵,并以城市建设、再生资源利用等统计资料和物质流分析文献为基础,初步测算了全国尺度的城市生活垃圾回收利用率。研究表明,我国2006—2015年的城市生活垃圾回收利用率从12.1%上升至17.0%,然后又缓慢下降至15.6%,由于数据缺乏,该数值可能在-28%~+32%波动。生活垃圾中回收利用量较大的可再生资源分别为废纸、废塑料、废钢铁、废玻璃等。本文还分析了目前测算生活垃圾回收利用率的数据不确定性和局限性,提出了面向生活垃圾分类管理实际评价的统计数据收集对策。     

旋转填充床分离沼气中的CO_2

以水为吸收液,采用旋转填充床分离微生物厌氧发酵沼气中的CO_2,考察了工艺条件对CO_2吸收效果的影响。实验结果表明:进液量越大、气液比越小、进口CO_2体积分数越小、操作压力越大、进液温度越低则CO_2的吸收效果越好,而床转速以适中为宜;在进液量60 L/h、气液比3.3、床转速1 000 r/min、进口CO_2体积分数40%、操作压力1.2 MPa、进液温度5℃的条件下,CO_2吸收率为57.4%,提纯后气体的CO_2体积分数为17%。     

混凝＋超滤联用技术净化微污染水的试验研究

采用聚合氯化铝混凝与超滤膜联用技术净化微污染水,考察该工艺净化COD、氯离子、浊度和铁离子的效果。结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,出水水质满足生活饮用水卫生标准（ GB 5749－2001）,混凝＋超滤联用技术不仅能有效地净化有机物、浊度,对铁离子和氯离子也有较好的净化效果,且出水中悬浮物、细菌和大肠菌群数未检测出。     

用独立分量分析方法实现地震转换波与多次反射波分离

独立分量分析(ICA)是新兴的一种统计学方法。其目的是寻求对非高斯分布数据进行有效表示,使得各个基分量在统计学意义上独立,或者尽最大可能独立。这种表示意在获取数据的基本结构,可有效实现特征提取和信号分离。本文概述ICA的基本理论和快速算法,并在分析地震记录特点的基础上,阐明采用ICA方法可以实现对沉积地区远震记录中转换波和多次反射波的分离。研究结果表明,ICA方法可有效地分离地震转换波和多次反射波,并由此获得较为合理的地下间断面初步解释结果,从而有利于扩展接收函数技术的应用。     

Contamination, Crop Trials, and Compatibility

This paper examines the ethical andsocial questions that underlie the present UKdiscussion whether GM crops and organicagriculture can co-exist within a given regionor are mutually exclusive. A EuropeanCommission report predicted practicaldifficulties in achieving sufficientseparation distances to guarantee lowerthreshold levels proposed for GM material inorganic produce. Evidence of gene flow betweensome crops and their wild relatives has beena key issue in the recent Government consultation toconsult on whether or not to authorizecommercial planting of GM crops, following theresults of the current UK farm scale trials.The admixture of imported Bt transgenes intolandrace varieties of Mexican maize alsopresents difficulties. An ethical evaluationis made of the claim that organic growersshould expect protection from adventitioustraces of GM constructs in their products. Towhat extent – on either side of the debate –can any particular group in society set upagricultural standards for itself that mayeffectively restrain others from an otherwisejust business? The assumptions behind notionslike ``purity'' and ``contamination'' areexamined, together with their underlying viewsof nature and human intervention. The 2001UK Agriculture and Environmental BiotechnologyCommission report is relevant to theseissues. While the Government wishes to promotethe UK biotechnology industry and is underpressure from US claims of trade restraint, astrong organic lobby demands purity from GMcontamination. Does this adversarial framingof the issues reflect broader public opinionin the UK public consultation? Inarriving at policy decisions, the role of thevirtue of tolerance is considered inpost-modern and Christian ethical contexts.     

HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE LITTLE WASHITA RIVER EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED USING SWAT1

ABSTRACT: Precipitation and streamflow data from three nested subwatersheds within the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) in southwestern Oklahoma were used to evaluate the capabilities of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to predict streamflow under varying climatic conditions. Eight years of precipitation and streamflow data were used to calibrate parameters in the model, and 15 years of data were used for model validation. SWAT was calibrated on the smallest and largest sub‐watersheds for a wetter than average period of record. The model was then validated on a third subwatershed for a range in climatic conditions that included dry, average, and wet periods. Calibration of the model involved a multistep approach. A preliminary calibration was conducted to estimate model parameters so that measured versus simulated yearly and monthly runoff were in agreement for the respective calibration periods. Model parameters were then fine tuned based on a visual inspection of daily hydrographs and flow frequency curves. Calibration on a daily basis resulted in higher baseflows and lower peak runoff rates than were obtained in the preliminary calibration. Test results show that once the model was calibrated for wet climatic conditions, it did a good job in predicting streamflow responses over wet, average, and dry climatic conditions selected for model validation. Monthly coefficients of efficiencies were 0.65, 0.86, and 0.45 for the dry, average, and wet validation periods, respectively. Results of this investigation indicate that once calibrated, SWAT is capable of providing adequate simulations for hydrologic investigations related to the impact of climate variations on water resources of the LWREW.     

城市生活垃圾滚筒筛分选特性研究

滚筒筛筛分是生活垃圾分选中常用的工艺,国内目前有关滚筒筛分选生活垃圾的研究尚不多见.因此,本实验通过自行设计的一台处理能力为150kg.h-1的滚筒筛,采用实际生活垃圾进行分选实验,确定最佳运行参数范围.结果表明,当滚筒筛孔径为120mm时,在V实测/V极限（V实测为滚筒转动时实时测定转速,V极限为物料与滚筒一起转动时...