蓝藻厌氧消化产沼气技术研究

为了实现太湖蓝藻的资源化和无害化处置,本文在中温（35℃）条件下对蓝藻与猪粪厌氧发酵产沼气进行了研究。在蓝藻与猪粪发酵最佳接种比例1：2、最佳初始pH7．9、最适发酵液浓度2．9％条件下,通过对所产甲烷的分析,得到回归方程B：4885（1-e-0.034565t）,模型的决定系数R2为0．9819,均方差（RMSE）为123,达到收敛判断标准。蓝藻的生物降解率（BD值）为54．4％。pH的变化范围在6．6～7．9之间,能够较好地反应蓝藻与猪粪混合发酵的水解阶段、产酸阶段和产甲烷阶段。发酵结束后,TS去除率达到22．2％,VS去除率达到25．2％。对发酵过程中COD和氨氮变化的研究表明：反应结束后,COD的去除率达87．44％;高浓度的氨氮对厌氧细菌的生长有一定抑制作用,但是并不影响沼气的组份。各反应器所产生的沼气中甲烷和二氧化碳的含量均能保持在50％和35％左右,最高甲烷含量达到70％。     

PICRUSt2 functionally predicts organic compounds degradation and sulfate reduction pathways in an acidogenic bioreactor

• Over 70% reduction of sulfate was achieved for sulfate less than 12000 mg/L. • The decrease of genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) induced the accumulation of VFAs. • The sulfate reduction genes were primary carried by genus Desulfovibrio. • Sulfate favored assimilatory, but inhibited dissimilatory sulfate reduction process. For comprehensive insights into the influences of sulfate on performance, microbial community and metabolic pathways in the acidification phase of a two-phase anaerobic system, a laboratory-scale acidogenic bioreactor was continuously operated to treat wastewater with elevated sulfate concentrations from 2000 to 14000 mg/L. The results showed that the acidogenic bioreactor could achieve sulfate reduction efficiency of greater than 70% for influent sulfate content less than 12000 mg/L. Increased sulfate induced the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), especially propionate and butyrate, which was the primary negative effects to system performance under the high-sulfate environment. High-throughput sequencing coupled with PICRUSt2 uncovered that the accumulation of VFAs was triggered by the decreasing of genes encoding short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC: 1.3.8.1), regulating the transformation of propanoyl-CoA to propenoyl-CoA and butanoyl-CoA to crotonyl-CoA of propionate and butyrate oxidation pathways, which made these two process hardly proceed. Besides, genes encoding (EC: 1.3.8.1) were mainly carried by order Clostridiales. Desulfovibrio was the most abundant sulfate-reducing bacteria and identified as the primary host of dissimilatory sulfate reduction functional genes. Functional analysis indicated the dissimilatory sulfate reduction process predominated under a low sulfate environment, but was not favored under the circumstance of high-sulfate. With the increase of sulfate, the assimilatory sulfate reduction process finally overwhelmed dissimilatory as the dominant sulfate reduction pathway in acidogenic bioreactor.     

Mechanisms of allicin exposure for the sludge fermentation enhancement: Focusing on the fermentation processes and microbial metabolic traits

As a frequently used product with antimicrobial activity, consumed allicin might be discharged and concentrated in waste-activated sludge (WAS). However, the influence of allicin (as an exogenous pollutant) on WAS fermentation has not been clearly revealed. This study aimed to disclose the impacts of allicin on volatile fatty acid (VFA) generation during WAS fermentation. The results showed that the appropriate presence of allicin (10 mg/g TSS) significantly enhanced the VFA yield (1894 versus 575 mg COD/L in the control) with increased acetate proportion (24.3%). Further exploration found that allicin promoted WAS solubilization, hydrolysis and acidification simultaneously. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the key genes involved in extracellular hydrolysis metabolism (i.e., CAZymes), membrane transport (i.e., gtsA and ytfT), substrate metabolism (i.e., yhdR and pfkC) and fatty acid synthesis (i.e., accA and accD) were all highly expressed. Allicin also induced the bacteria to produce more signalling molecules and regulate cellular functions, thereby enhancing the microbial adaptive and regulatory capacity to the unfavourable environment. Moreover, the variations in fermentative microbes and their contributions to the upregulation of functional genes (i.e., ytfR, gltL, INV, iolD and pflD) for VFA generation were disclosed. Overall, the simultaneous stimulation of functional microbial abundances and metabolic activities contributed to VFA production in allicin-conditioned reactors.     

Comparison of gas chromatography and immunoassay methods in quantifying fenitrothion residues in grape juice processed into alcoholic drinks

Abstract

Wine and Arak, the national alcoholic drink in Lebanon, were prepared from grape juice fortified with fenitrothion to a concentration of 20ppm. Samples of the 11 fractions produced by the fermentation and distillation steps were analyzed for fenitrothion residues using gas chromatography (GC) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results of residue analyses showed that the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.978) and indicated that fenitrothion was stable during the fermentation steps but not during distillation. The clarified wine 35 days later contained about 85% (15.3 ppm) of the fenitrothion concentration found in the juice as determined by GC analysis. Arak was prepared by a two‐steps distillation of the clarified wine. The alcohol distillate and undistilled fraction from the first distillation contained 2.5 ppm and 5.8 ppm of fenitrothion, respectively. No fenitrothion residues were detected by both techniques in the four fractions collected from the second distillation step.     

污泥高温好氧发酵技术在沈阳市污水处理厂污泥处理工程中的应用

对沈阳市污水处理厂污泥处理工程设计进行了介绍,包括污泥量的估算以及污泥处理工艺的确定。将现行污泥处理工艺包括高温好氧发酵、热干化、焚烧等通过经济投资、运行成本、占地、能耗、碳排放量、产品出路、工艺安全、成熟度、空气污染等方面进行方案比选,最终沈阳市污水处理厂污泥处理工程采用高温好氧发酵工艺作为处理工艺。     

餐厨垃圾好氧生物处理菌株的选育

文章以枯草芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌等10株细菌为出发菌株,以耐高温、生长速度快、生物安全性、生物拮抗性以及产酶能力为筛选原则,从中筛选得到4株细菌,分别为:地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis,TKFW1003)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium,TKFW1005)、纳豆芽孢杆菌(Bacillus natto,TKFW1102)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,TKFW1108)。然后将筛选得到的4株细菌按10%的比例添加到30 L固态发酵罐中,再添加10%的麸皮和50%的水为辅料,对餐厨垃圾进行固态发酵处理。最后将固态发酵结束后得到的产品取出烘干粉碎,经检测:经好氧微生物处理后得到的产品,其有效活菌数、有机质含量、水分含量及蛔虫卵死亡率等指标均达到了农业部农用有机肥标准,此法实现了餐厨垃圾的无害化、资源化、减量化处理,具有生产成本低、无二次污染、可操作性强等优点。     

Comparison of two methods for detection of fecal indicator bacteria used in water quality monitoring of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Scientifically sound methods to rapidly measure fecal indicator bacteria are important to ensure safe water for drinking and recreational purposes.A total of 200 water samples obtained from the Three Gorges Reservoir during three successive one-year study periods(October 2009 to September 2012) were analyzed using multiple-tube fermentation(MTF)and most probable numbers combined with polymerase chain reaction(MPN–PCR).The MPN–PCR method was found to be significantly more sensitive than the MTF method for detecting Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.,and of equal sensitivity for detecting total coliforms when all surface water samples were grouped together.The two analytical methods had a strong,significant relationship,but MPN–PCR took only 12–18 hr,compared with the 3–8 days needed using the MTF method.Bacterial concentrations varied per sampling site but were significantly lower in the mainstream of the Yangtze River than those in the backwater areas of tributaries.The water quality of 85.8% of water samples from the mainstream was suitable for use as a centralized potable water source,while the water quality of 52.5% of water samples from the backwater areas was unsuitable for recreational activities.Relationships between fecal indicator bacteria showed significant correlation(r = 0.636–0.909,p 0.01,n = 200),while a weak but significant correlation was found between fecal indicators and water turbidity,water temperature,daily inflow,and total dissolved solids(r = 0.237–0.532,p 0.05,n = 200).The study indicated that MPN–PCR is a rapid and easily performed deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)-based method for quantitative detection of viable total coliforms,E.coli,and Enterococcus spp.in surface water.     

Characteristics of Anaerobic Fermentation with Different Parts of Corn Stalks at Low Concentrations

In order to obtain the characteristics of anaerobic fermentation with different parts of corn stalks at low concentrations, air-dried corn stalks stem bark (SB), stem pith (SP), leaves (L), and corn stalks (CS) were, respectively, mixed with cow dung to perform fermentation at the temperature of 35 ^oC and carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) of 25. Mixed with cow dung compost, the fermentation broths were adjusted to a neutral pH value. Along with the enhancing of the total solid (TS) content of SB, SP, L, and CS fermentation broths, both of the daily biogas yields and methane contents increased under the same fermentation condition, except for Sample TS 6% of L. The optimal TS content of SB, SP, L, and CS broth is 8%, 5%, 10%, and 8%, separately. In 35 days, the highest methane yield of SB, SP, L, and CS broth was 125.0 mL/(volatile solid) VS g, 115.3 mL/VS g, 109.7 mL/VS g, and 80.0 mL/VS g, respectively, and the potential of methane transformation production of broth ranks as: SB> L> SP> CS. Daily methane producing rate of SB, SP, and L broth are faster than that of CS. It is necessary to separate the corn stalks into different parts to ferment because the optimal fermentation concentrations for the different parts are different. Additionally, the Gompertz equation was also adopted to simulate the anaerobic digestion process of different materials. The Gompertz equation fitting parameters show that the biodegradation (from easy to difficult) was: L < SP < SB < CS.     

污泥厌氧产酸发酵液作碳源强化污水脱氮除磷中试研究

为研究城市污泥厌氧产酸发酵液作为补充碳源强化生活污水脱氮除磷系统的效果和可行性,建造了一个总有效体积为4 660 L的A2/O中试反应系统,以实际城市污水为研究对象,考察了添加污泥产酸发酵液后的污水脱氮除磷效果并和单纯添加乙酸作碳源的效果进行了比较.结果表明,在进水COD为243.7 mg·L-1、NH+4-N为30.9 mg·L-1、TN为42.9 mg·L-1、TP为2.8 mg·L-1、硝化液回流比为200%和污泥回流比为100%的条件下,向缺氧池中投加乙酸能增强系统脱氮除磷效果,反应器的最佳进水流量和投加碳源SCOD增量分别为7 500 L·d-1和50 mg·L-1.污泥发酵液代替乙酸作为外加碳源时的平均出水COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP去除率分别为81.60%、88.91%、64.86%和87.61%,相对应的出水浓度分别为42.18、2.77、11.92和0.19 mg·L-1,满足我国《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》GB 18918-2002所规定的一级A标准.结果表明,投加污泥产酸发酵液作为脱氮除磷碳源可达到和乙酸同样的效果,具有实际可行性,这为城市污泥处理处置实现资源化提供了一条新的可行途径.     

氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响

为探究氨氮浓度对鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵的影响，采用固定水力停留时间（HRT，20d），提高进料总固体浓度（TS，5%、7.5%和10%）的方式增加氨氮浓度，通过265d的长期甲烷发酵试验，比较了不同氨氮浓度条件下鸡粪中高温甲烷发酵效果和污泥的比产甲烷活性.结果显示，TS由5%增至10%，中高温反应器中氨氮浓度由2.1~2.5g/L增至6.1~6.5g/L，对应的比产甲烷活性分别降低了44%和100%，中温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至7.6g/L，甲烷产率由253mL/gTS降至203mL/gTS；高温反应器中挥发性脂肪酸由0.4g/L增至26.1g/L，甲烷产率由181mL/gTS降至18mL/gTS.氨氮浓度对高温甲烷发酵系统的抑制作用更加明显.