皇竹草厌氧发酵产沼气特性

在中温(35℃)条件下,采用批量厌氧发酵对生长期为35 d和68 d的皇竹草的发酵特性进行研究.实验结果表明,两组不同生产期的皇竹草C/N均较低,分别为14.75和17.52.经过45 d的厌氧发酵处理,生长期为35 d的皇竹草产气率为243.77ml.g-1VS,在第1天和第15天出现两个产气高峰,第45天的产气结束;生长期为68 d的皇竹草产气率为247.06 ml.g-1VS,出现4次产气高峰,第45天日产气量为512ml.生长期为35 d和68 d的皇竹草发酵液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量分别为48.48%—72.71%、5.64%—22.99%、6.84%—26.71%和42.51%—64.17%、5.83%—34.20%、10.98%—34.41%,丙酸型发酵和丁酸型发酵交替进行.发酵液的pH值均先降低后升高最后保持相对稳定.皇竹草适合作为沼气发酵的原料加以利用.     

游离亚硝酸预处理强化剩余污泥发酵同步反硝化性能

考察了游离亚硝酸(FNA)预处理对污泥解体和剩余污泥发酵同步反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,不同FNA浓度(0,0.68,1.35和2.03mgN/L)处理剩余污泥预处理过程中,SCOD的产量和产生速率均随着FNA浓度的增加而增加,其中SCOD的产生速率依次为0.66, 1.70, 2.13和2.70mg/(gVSS×h).随着预处理过程中FNA浓度的增加,剩余污泥中死菌占总菌的比例由41%上升至80%.FNA预处理可使剩余污泥发酵同步反硝化系统SCOD的产量增加49%和污泥减量提高41%,同时使系统反硝化能力提高40%. 此外, FNA预处理可使该系统中温室气体N2O产量占NO2-还原量的百分比减少58%.     

化感链霉菌6803菌株液体发酵工艺优化的研究

土壤微生物链霉菌6803菌株被证明对高等植物具有化感作用。采用单因子实验方法,研究液体发酵碳源、氮源、无机盐、发酵温度、发酵液初始pH值、摇床转速、发酵时间等对链霉菌6803菌株菌丝体产量及发酵液化感作用的影响,用均匀试验设计法优化了发酵工艺条件。结果表明：链霉菌6803菌株生长和产生化感作用的最佳发酵条件为：p（淀粉）=26．67g·L-1,p（蔗糖）=25．15g·L-1,p（NH4C1）=0．30g．L-1,黄豆饼粉浸液8．88％,所（NI-h）H2P04]=O．18g·L-1,p（FeS04．7H20）=O．002g·L-1,p（NaCl）=0．75g·L-1,pH值7．6,装量系数O．16,接种量3％,温度36℃,转速200r·min-1,发酵144h。本研究为利用微生物次生代谢产物作为天然除草剂奠定了基础。     

Effect of illumination on the hydrogen-production capability of anaerobic activated sludge

To investigate the influence of illumination on the fermentative hydrogen production system, the hydrogen production efficiencies of two kinds of anaerobic activated sludge (floc and granule) from an anaerobic baffled reactor were detected under visible light, dark and light-dark, respectively. The 10 mL floc sludge or granular sludge was respectively inoculated to 100 mL diluted molasses (chemical oxygen demand of 8000 mg·L^-1) in a 250 mL serum bottle, and cultured for 24 h at 37°C under different illumination conditions. The results showed that the floc was more sensitive to illumination than the granule. A hydrogen yield of 19.8 mL was obtained in the dark with a specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1 (floc), which was the highest among the three illumination conditions. Under dark condition, the hydrogen yield of floc sludge reached the highest with the specific hydrogen production rate of 3.52 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, and under light-dark, light, the specific hydrogen production rate was 3.11 and 2.21 mol·kg^-1MLVSS·d^-1, respectively. The results demonstrated that the illumination may affect the dehydrogenase activity of sludge as well as the activity of hydrogen-producing acetogens and then impact hydrogen production capacity.     

Effect of different gas releasing methods on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production in batch cultures

Decreasing hydrogen partial pressure can not only increase the activity of the hydrogen enzyme but also decrease the products inhibition, so it is an appropriate method to enhance the fermentative hydrogen production from anaerobic mixed culture. The effect of biogas release method on anaerobic fermentative hydrogen production in batch culture system was compared, i.e., Owen method with intermediately release, continuous releasing method, and continuous releasing+ CO₂ absorbing. The experimental results showed that, at 35°C, initial pH 7.0 and glucose concentration of 10 g·L^-1, the hydrogen production was only 28 mL when releasing gas by Owen method, while it increased two times when releasing the biogas continuously. The cumulative hydrogen production could reach 155 mL when carbon dioxide in the gas stream was continuously absorbed by 1 mol·L^-1 NaOH. The results showed that acetate was dominated, accounting for 43% in the dissolved fermentation products in Owen method, whereas the butyrate predominated and reached 47%–53% of the total liquid end products when releasing gas continuously. It is concluded that the homoacetogenesis could be suppressed when absorbing CO₂ in the gas phase in fermentative hydrogen production system.     

一株嗜碱产甲烷八叠球菌的分离鉴定与系统发育分析

在15℃条件下用产甲烷菌培养基对采自四川省红原县的牦牛粪进行富集培养,采用Hungate厌氧操作技术从富集培养物中分离得到一株在8~45℃范围生长、最适生长pH为8.5的嗜碱产甲烷菌T13.该菌株革兰氏染色阳性,细胞聚集体,在液体培养基中为肉眼可见的颗粒状物,在固体培养基上菌落为淡黄色桑葚状;可利用甲醇、乙酸盐和甲胺作为唯一碳源生长;对氯霉素和庆大霉素敏感;生长pH范围为6.5~9.5;最适NaCl浓度为0~0.15 mol L-1;最适生长温度为30℃.形态和生理生化特征以及16S rDNA序列分析表明菌株T13为梅氏产甲烷八叠球菌(Methanosarcina mazei).由于该菌最适生长pH为8.5,所以初步认为菌株T13是一株梅氏产甲烷八叠球菌的新菌株.     

白腐菌处理铅污染废弃稻草的动态变化研究

通过研究铅污染废弃稻草基质,探讨了不同w(Pb2+)条件下白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解性能以及发酵基质总重、腐殖酸碳的变化规律,并在降解半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的同时,研究了白腐菌对发酵基质中重金属的钝化作用.结果表明:在w(Pb2+)为200 mg/kg条件下,白腐菌对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素等较难降解的有机物表现出最好的降解性能,且对Pb2+的钝化作用很明显,对半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的降解率分别为52.36%,32.29%和44.16%;发酵基质总失重率最高达29.89%;w(腐殖酸碳)达142.01 mg/g.      

垃圾堆放发酵机理与应用工艺研究

对垃圾的发酵机理进行了实验研究,对渗沥液的析出量及其酸碱度、堆酵后垃圾热值的变化以及堆内温度的变化进行了观测,并对堆酵过程的机理进行了初步分析,给出了垃圾堆酵应用工艺的建议。     

南京城市污泥发酵苏云金杆菌培养基成分优化

研究南京江心州污水处理厂污泥作为原料发酵生产苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thringiensis)的可行性,并与常规的工业发酵黄豆粉培养基发酵B.thringiensis做比较,结果表明,以固形物含量3%的污泥为基质发酵B.thringiensis,其菌体数及芽孢数只有108个/mL,而工业发酵黄豆粉培养基发酵B.thringiensis菌体数及芽孢数为109个/mL。优化污泥发酵生产苏云金杆菌培养基成分,将污泥与不同量的黄豆粉复配作基质发酵B.thringiensis,结果发现,在污泥中添加15 g/L黄豆粉可基本满足工业发酵生产的需要,发酵72 h获得的B.thringiensis细胞总数及芽孢数均在109个/mL以上。以黄粉虫作试虫的生物毒性实验表明,复配后的基质与工业发酵黄豆粉培养基生产的B.thringiensis孢晶混合液的毒性相当。     

投加Na2S对化学强化除磷污泥厌氧发酵释磷的影响

以在污水处理过程中采用化学强化除磷而产生的剩余污泥为研究对象,考察了硫化钠（Na₂S）投加量对污泥释磷以及厌氧发酵的影响.结果表明,在S/Fe物质的量比为0.3~1的范围内,投加的Na₂S越多,污泥厌氧释放的磷越多,当S/Fe物质的量比为1：1时,污泥S1和S2上清液中磷浓度分别达到了170和150mg/L（污泥释磷率分别为22.2%和27.23%）;投加Na₂S会导致pH值升高,碱性条件会促进有机物的释放以及产酸微生物的生长,并因此促进VFAs的产生;VSS/TSS越高的污泥,对pH值的缓冲能力越强,释放的NH₄⁺-N也越多;此外,投加Na₂S后会导致污泥上清液中Fe（Fe²⁺与Fe³⁺之和）和Al³⁺的浓度上升,而生成的FeS_x会使沉淀沉降性能变差.S/Fe物质的量比为0.3和0.5时,对生物多样性影响不大,但大于1：1后Shannon指数下降.综合考虑释磷与后续厌氧发酵以及污泥沉降性能,推荐按S/Fe物质的量比为0.3：1~0.5：1投加Na₂S,既可以保证上清液磷浓度大于50mg/L,又将上清液中Fe和Al³⁺等杂质金属离子的浓度控制在较低的水平（<10mg/L）,利于后续用鸟粪石法回收磷,同时促进产酸（VFAs为对照组的8.3倍）,且污泥沉降性能受影响较小.