花生蛋白废水生产的单细胞蛋白安全性的实验研究

花生蛋白废水是在花生蛋白加工过程中排放的一种高浓度有机废水。每生产1t花生蛋白,约有14—15t废水排出,其中BOD,COD高达10000ppm以上。此外还有多种无机离子,如不经处理排放到自然水体,将造成严重的环境污染,使大批水生生物死亡,甚至影响人类的健康。 为此,我们研究出以花生蛋白废水为原料,双菌混合,液、固两步发酵生产单细胞蛋白(SCP)的新工艺。在生产过程中,无培养废液排放,不产生二次污染。生产的SCP含粗     

西安市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化特征

为探究西安市大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子的污染特征及来源,本研究采集2017～2018年的PM_(2.5)样品,利用离子色谱仪测定9种水溶性离子(SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3、Cl~-、F~-、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、NH~+_4、K~+和Ca~(2+))的浓度水平,并对NH~+_4的存在形式分析、氮氧化率(NOR)、硫氧化率(SOR)以及[NO~-_3]/[SO~(2-)_4]等进行探究.结果表明,西安市PM_(2.5)中水溶性离子主要来自扬尘、燃煤、生物质燃烧和二次生成.Ca~(2+)、SO~(2-)_4、NH~+_4和NO~-_3是西安市大气PM_(2.5)中主要的水溶性离子.相关性分析结果表明,西安市春季NH~+_4不能完全中和SO~(2-)_4,未中和的SO~(2-)_4主要与K~+和Ca~(2+)结合;夏季NH~+_4主要以NH_4HSO_4和(NH_4)_2SO_4的形式存在于大气中;秋季的NH~+_4主要以NH_4HSO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在;冬季大气中NH~+_4多以(NH_4)_2SO_4和NH_4NO_3的形式存在.硫氧化率和氮氧化率的年均值分别为0.35和0.16,说明研究期间SO~(2-)_4、NO~-_3的二次生成率较大.[NO~-_3]/[SO~(2-)_4]比值说明西安市春夏季主要受固定源影响,秋冬季主要受移动源影响.     

施肥类型和水热变化对农田土壤氮素矿化及可溶性有机氮动态变化的影响

为了揭示土壤水分、温度和添加不同氮肥对大沽河流域农田土壤氮素矿化的影响,设置对照(CK)、添加尿素N 120mg·kg~(-1)(Ur)和添加尿素N 36 mg·kg~(-1)+有机肥(相当于添加N 120 mg·kg~(-1),UM)这3个处理进行为期84 d的室内恒温培养实验,实验共设3个培养温度(15、25和35℃)和3个水分梯度[60%、75%和90%田间持水量(WHC)].结果表明,施肥类型和培养温度对土壤氮素矿化速率、累积矿化量和氮潜在矿化势(N0)均具有显著影响(P0.01).与CK处理相比,Ur和UM处理的矿化速率和累积矿化量分别增加了1.46~8.17和2.00~8.15倍.各施肥处理的土壤氮矿化速率和累积矿化氮量随温度升高而增加,且各温度梯度之间差异均达到显著水平(P0.05).与未施肥处理相比,Ur和UM施肥处理均能够显著提高土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量,且施肥处理土壤中SON含量与氮素累积矿化量之间有显著负相关关系,表明SON作为一个不可忽视的组分,参与了土壤氮素矿化过程.升高温度能显著提高土壤中SON的矿化速率和矿化强度,但水分对各处理土壤的SON无显著影响.此外,施肥处理显著降低了土壤氮矿化的温度敏感性(Q10)(P0.05),尿素配施有机肥处理的土壤的氮矿化温度敏感系数最低(Q10=1.01),说明配施有机肥显著降低了土壤氮素矿化速率对温度变化响应的强度,这有利于减缓高温条件下矿质氮的释放速率,并提升作物对氮素的利用效率.     

基于污染物超低排放与蛋白质源污泥增量的污水处理工艺对比研究

为了实现污水处理的深度脱氮除磷及蛋白质源污泥增量,分别采用生物吸附/A~2O和生物吸附/MBR/硫铁自养反硝化工艺进行对比试验研究.结果表明,生物吸附工艺可以快速富集进水中的大部分有机物,剩余污泥采用厌氧发酵方式处理,用于生产优质碳源.两套污水处理工艺均获得了优质水质,出水氨氮、总氮和总磷分别达到5、7和0.4 mg·L~(-1)以下.优质碳源投加到A~2O和MBR工艺段,碳源环境的改善使得污泥增长率和氮的同化比例显著提高,第4阶段污泥产率分别达到0.59和0.49 g·g~(-1)(以每g COD产VSS量(g)计),氮的同化率分别达到66%和59%.此外,污泥中蛋白质及氨基酸含量也显著增长,A~2O工艺段增长率分别为34.7%和31.2%,MBR工艺段相应的增长率分别为19.7%和18.3%,实现了蛋白质源污泥的增量,为污泥资源化利用提供了优质原料.     

DOC对柴油机燃用生物柴油颗粒物微观形貌及SOF组分的影响

为研究氧化催化转化器（DOC）对柴油机燃用调合生物柴油（B0,B20）后排放颗粒物微观形貌及可溶性有机组分（SOF）的影响规律,对DOC作用前后的排气颗粒物进行采样,利用透射电镜（TEM）和气相色谱-质谱仪（GC-MS）开展颗粒物理化特性研究.结果表明：未加装DOC时,与B0相比,B20排放颗粒物基本碳粒子粒径减小,分形维数增加,团聚堆积现象加剧;SOF组分中的脂类和酸类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃和酚类物质质量分数减少,C26~C35的质量分数降低.加装DOC后,B0和B20排气颗粒物团簇程度降低,分形维数降幅分别为10.1%和15.5%;SOF组分中芳香烃类和酚类物质质量分数增加,烷烃类、脂类、酸类质量分数减小,C15~C25质量分数下降;B0排放颗粒物SOF中C26~C35质量分数降低41.4%,而B20增加865.8%.     

厌氧膜生物反应器中亲疏水性有机物的膜污染特征

采用树脂吸附脱附的方法对厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）中溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）的6种亲疏水性有机物进行了分离,其中,亲水中性物质是SMP的主要成分,占总有机物的74.84%.多糖、蛋白质和腐殖质类物质在亲疏水性有机物中均有分布.采用恒压死端过滤的方式对比分析了6种亲疏水性有机物的微滤特性,发现在TOC浓度相同的条件下,亲水性碱（HIB）是造成膜通量下降最快的物质,其次是亲水中性物（HIN）和疏水性酸（HOA）,膜通量下降速率与有机物平均粒径呈指数相关关系（R²=0.9965）.采用过滤模型对微滤过程进行拟合,HOA、HIN和HIB的过滤过程分别符合标准堵塞模型、中间过滤模型和滤饼过滤模型的特征,与其粒径分布特征相对应.试验进一步对比了亲疏水性有机物污染层的可逆性,结果表明HIN造成的膜污染不易通过物理反冲洗得到恢复.     

淀粉稳定Fe3O4纳米粒子对水中As(V)的吸附特性研究

以可溶性淀粉作为稳定剂制备纳米Fe_3O_4粒子,探讨了反应时间、p H值、初始砷浓度和腐殖酸对Fe_3O_4纳米粒子吸附水体中As(V)的吸附效果影响.实验结果表明,淀粉稳定的Fe_3O_4纳米粒子对水体中As(V)的吸附动力学过程符合准二级动力学,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型;吸附容量随着溶液p H的增加逐渐降低,在p H为8.0的弱碱性水体中对As(V)的最大吸附容量可达202.56 mg·g~(-1);此外,腐殖酸(HA)能降低纳米粒子对As(V)的吸附能力.     

Contrasts in Livelihoods and Protein Intake between Commercial and Subsistence Bushmeat Hunters in Two Villages on Bioko Island,Equatorial Guinea

Across West and Central Africa, wildlife provides a source of food and income. We investigated the relation between bushmeat hunting and household wealth and protein consumption in 2 rural communities in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. One village was dedicated to commercial hunting, the other trapped game primarily for food. We tested whether commercial‐hunter households were nutritionally advantaged over subsistence‐hunter households due to their higher income from the bushmeat trade and greater access to wild‐animal protein. We conducted bushmeat‐offtake surveys in both villages (captures by hunters and carcasses arriving to each village). Mammals (including threatened primates: black colobus [Colobus satanas], Preussi's guenon [Allochrocebus preussi], and russet‐eared guenon [Cercopithecus erythrotis]), birds, and reptiles were hunted. The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), giant pouched rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush‐tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) contributed almost all the animal biomass hunted, consumed, or sold in both villages. Monkeys and Ogilbyi's duikers (Cephalophus ogilbyi) were hunted only by commercial hunters. Commercial hunters generated a mean of US$2000/year from bushmeat sales. Households with commercial hunters were on average wealthier, generated more income, spent more money on nonessential goods, and bought more products they did not grow. By contrast, households with subsistence hunters spent less on market items, spent more on essential products, and grew more of their own food. Despite these differences, average consumption of vegetable protein and domestic meat and bushmeat protein did not differ between villages. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and nutritional context of commercial and subsistence bushmeat hunting to correctly interpret ways of reducing their effects on threatened species and to enable the sustainable offtake of more productive taxa. Contrastes en el Sustento y la Ingesta de Proteínas entre Carne de Caza de Subsistencia y Comercial en Dos Aldeas en Isla Bioko, Guinea Ecuatorial     

Uptake,elimination and biochemical effects of azadirachtin and tebufenozide in algae

Abstract

Effects of azadirachtin (isomer A, AZ‐A) and tebufenozide (TF) on freshwater algae were investigated using indoor aquatic microcosms. AZ‐A and TF were dosed at different concentrations to 10‐L microcosms. Chlorophyll and protein contents of the algae, and the concentrations of the insecticides in water and algae were monitored at intervals of time up to 20 d. Chlorophyll and protein contents in algae were inhibited at treatment levels of 3.0 and 4.5 μg AZ‐A/mL, whereas at 1.5 μg/mL, the chemical stimulated the chlorophyll production. The partition of AZ‐A between water and algae was reversible, and the bioconcentration factor (BCF) was low. In contrast, TF dosed at 0.25 to 0.75 μg/mL stimulated algal growth, probably due to its utilization of carbonaceous and nitrogenous intermediates and other breakdown products of TF as nutrients. The BCF was high and the organism functioned as a sink for the chemical. Extension of the laboratory findings to complex outdoor systems are discussed.     

Aluminum interaction with human brain tau protein phosphorylation by various Kinases

Abstract

Phosphorylation is an indispensable process for energy and signal transduction in biological systems. AlCl₃ at 10 nM to 10 uM range activated in‐vitro [γ‐³²P)ATP phosphorylation of the brain (tau) T protein in both normal human or E.coli expressed T forms; in the presence of the kinases P34, PKP, and PKC. However, higher concentrations of ALCl₃ inhibited the T phosphorylation with P34, PKP, and PKC to a maximum at 1 mM level. AlCl₃ at 100 uM to 500 uM range induced non‐enzymatic phosphorylation of T with γ‐ATP, γ‐GTP, and α‐GTP. AlCl₃ activated histone phosphorylation by P34 in a similar pattern. The hyperphosphorylation of T by Al³⁺ was accompanied by molecular shift and mobility retardation in SDS‐PAGE. This may demonstrate the mechanism of the longterm neurological effect of Al³⁺ in human brain leading to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles related to Alzeheimer's disease.