大气细颗粒物水溶成分和非水溶成分的细胞毒性

为了研究细颗粒物不同成分细胞毒作用的差异,以细颗粒物水溶成分和非水溶成分对人肺癌上皮细胞株A549细胞染毒.结果表明,在染毒剂量为100 μg·mL-1、200 μg·mL-1和300 μg·mL-1的范围内,水溶成分的细胞毒性明显高于非水溶成分(P(0.05),表现为抑制细胞活性,导致细胞膜损伤增加.并且诱导细胞活性氧(ROS)的产生.使用N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)和抗坏血酸(Vit C)阻断活性氧(ROS)产生的研究结果表明,与未加上述抗氧化剂的染毒组相比,加抗氧化剂的染毒组细胞的活性明显增强.因此,提示细颗粒物水溶成分是最主要的毒性成分之一,而氧化.应激损伤可能是细颗粒物细胞毒作用的重要机制之一.     

Effects of operational factors on soluble microbial products in a carrier anaerobic baffled reactor treating dilute wastewater

The effects of feed strength,hydraulic residence time(HRT),and operational temperatures on soluble microbial product(SMP) production were investigated,to gain insights into the production mechanism.A carrier anaerobic batfled reactor (CABR) treating dilute wastewater was operated under a wide range of operational conditions,namely,feed strengths of 300-600 mg/L,HRTs of 9-18 h,and temperatures of 10-28℃.Generally, SMP production increased with increasing feed strength and decreasing temperature.At high temperature (28℃),SMP production increased with decreasing HRT. As the temperature Was decreased to 18 and 10℃.the SMP production was at its peak for 12 h HRT Therefore,temperature could be an important determinant of SMP production along with HRT. A higher SMP to soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) ratio Was found at high temperature and long HRT because of complete volatile fatty acid degradation.SMP accounted for 50%-75% of the SCOD in the last chamber of the CABR.As a secondary metabolite.some SMP could be consumed at lower feed strength.     

胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物的关系

通过活性污泥内源呼吸试验,发现胞外聚合物与溶解性微生物产物之间存在相互转化、吸附与被吸附的关系。内源呼吸初期(0~19h),bound EPS水解生成BAP,细胞自溶过程也释放部分SMP。19~43h,微生物利用SMP中易降解部分生成bound EPS和UAP,大分子量的SMP被bound EPS吸附,并存在一定程度的细胞水解。43~162h为SMP分泌、溶出阶段,内源呼吸加强,微生物脱氢酶活性几乎丧失,细胞水解、自溶。bound EPS表面出现SMP解吸-吸附的交替过程。162~210h期间bound EPS水解及细胞自溶为主要过程。并且产出的SMP可生物降解性较差,对微生物表现出毒性作用,抑制其脱氢酶活性,而在毒性环境下,微生物又产出更多的SMP。     

菌群固体发酵提高餐饮废渣产蛋白含量的研究

文章采用复合固态发酵方法,选用白地霉、解酯亚罗酵母、康宁木霉三种霉菌发酵处理餐饮废渣,通过测定粗蛋白含量以及水溶性蛋白含量,优选出菌群最佳发酵效果配比;并通过实验,探讨了影响发酵工艺的条件因素。实验结果表明:3种菌种等比发酵效果最好;当含水率为65%,初始pH=5.5,接种液之比为15%,培育发酵42h,餐饮废渣中粗蛋白质含量能提高到24.58%,比发酵前提高17.58%,在减少餐饮废渣对环境造成的二次污染的同时,提高蛋白质产量。     

溶解性微生物产物对浸没式膜生物反应器运行的影响

对溶解性微生物产物(SMP)的累积行为及其对浸没式膜生物反应器(SMBR)操作运行的影响进行了研究.在90 d的实验过程中,对总有机碳(TOC)、相对分子质量分布(MWDs)、比耗氧速率(SOUR)进行定期监测,采用死端过滤实验来检测SMP对膜污染的影响.结果表明,在SMBR上清液中SMP出现明显累积;随着实验运行,SMP中相对分子质量大于10000的浓度增加显著;与相对分子质量小于1 000的SMP相比,此部分SMP对污泥活性和膜污染影响较大,对SMBR的出水水质影响较小.     

Evaluation of factors influencing soluble microbial product in submerged MBR through hybrid ASM model

In this study, a mathematical model was established to predict the formation of the soluble microbial product (SMP) in a submerged membrane bioreactor. The developed model was calibrated under the reference condition. Simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results under the reference condition. The calibrated model was then used in the scenario studies to evaluate the effect of three chosen operating parameters: hydraulic retention time (HRT), dissolved oxygen concentration, and sludge retention time (SRT). Simulation results revealed that the SMP dominated the soluble organic substances in the supernatant. The scenario studies also revealed that the HRT can be decreased to 1 h without deteriorating the effluent quality; dissolved oxygen concentration in the reactor can be kept at 2–3 mg/L to maintain the effluent quality, reduce the content of SMP, and minimize operating costs; the optimal SRT can be controlled to 10–15 d to achieve complete nitrification process, less membrane fouling potential, and acceptable organic removal efficiency.     

镉致黑斑蛙肝脏中ROS生成及其蛋白质氧化损伤作用

在实验条件下,将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于0.005、0.010、0.050和0.100mg·L-1浓度的镉溶液中30d,采用2,4二硝基苯肼比色法测定肝组织蛋白质羰基含量,KCl-SDS沉淀法测定DNA-蛋白质交联含量,并测定了肝组织中活性氧自由基(ROS)的水平,以探讨镉对黑斑蛙肝组织蛋白质的氧化损伤作用及其作用机制.结果表明,随染镉浓度的增加,黑斑蛙肝线粒体中的ROS水平明显升高,各染毒组与对照组相比有显著性差异;肝蛋白质羰基(PCO)含量和DNA-蛋白质交联(DPC)也随镉暴露浓度的增加而升高,且均呈明显的浓度-效应关系,但这种升高仅在镉浓度为0.05、0.10mg.L-1时才具有显著意义.结果还显示,低浓度镉的长期暴露可引起黑斑蛙肝蛋白质氧化损伤和DNA损伤,诱导产生大量自由基可能是导致蛋白质和DNA产生损伤的主要机制之一.     

外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带土壤氨挥发的影响

在室内条件下采用静态吸收法,研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤:黑土、潮褐土和红壤氨挥发的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥显著促进了土壤氨挥发,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤氨挥发量从高到低分别为潮褐土(14.3、 7.37 mg·kg~(-1)),黑土(1.52、 1.11 mg·kg~(-1)),红壤(0.998、 0.402 mg·kg~(-1)).添加可溶性碳显著减少土壤因施氮肥产生的氨挥发量,其中黑土减少27.0%,潮褐土减少48.5%,红壤减少60.0%.在黑土、潮褐土长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤,与可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量变化规律相反;在红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤.研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大.     

利用气体-气溶胶在线测量技术研究乌鲁木齐颗粒物水溶性组分与气体污染

将气体-气溶胶收集装置与离子色谱联用技术（GAC）应用于冬季重污染地区乌鲁木齐,对当地大气中痕量气体与气溶胶中的水溶性组分进行了为期2周的在线测量,并结合膜采样结果、PM10质量浓度及气溶胶消光系数等数据初步分析了污染物的变化规律与重污染成因.结果表明,GAC测得的氯盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐与膜采样方法测得的相应组分数值显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.92(p<0.0001)、0.89(p<0.0001)、090 (p<0.0001).乌鲁木齐大气污染极其严重,氯盐、硫酸盐和二氧化硫浓度都非常高,这在其他地区较为罕见;二氧化硫、氯盐、硝酸盐与硫酸盐分别呈现不同的日变化规律;整个采样期间出现了1次极端污染天气,API值达到500,该日硫转化率（SOR）和氮转化率（NOR）的小时平均值最高达到0.69与0.36,说明二次转化也可能是形成重污染天气的主要原因.高浓度的PM10对能见度影响极大,PM2.5中的氯盐与气溶胶消光系数的相关系数最大,硫酸盐与硝酸盐次之,而硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氯盐这3种盐类对PM10的贡献依次递减.     

Soluble protein and acid phosphatase exuded by ectomycorrhizal fungi and seedlings in response to excessive Cu and Cd

Fungi and their symbionts can alleviate heavy metal stress by exuding soluble proteins and enzymes. This study examined the role of soluble protein and acid phosphatase (APase) exuded by Xerocomus chrysenteron, an ectomycorrhizal fungus, and the seedlings of its symbiont, Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis), under conditions of excessive Cu and Cd. The growth type showed that this poorly studied ectomycorrhizal fungus was capable of tolerating high concentrations of Cu, and may be useful in phytoremediation. X. chrysenteron grew well at 80 mg/L Cu, and the EC50 for Cd was 17.82 mg/L. X. chrysenteron also showed enhanced exudation of soluble protein in both isolated and inoculated cultivations under the influence of Cu and Cd. Soluble protein exudation, however, di ered under Cu and Cd stress in isolates. In mediums containing Cu, soluble protein exudation increased with concentration, but in mediums containing Cd the content of soluble protein increased to a comparable level at all concentrations. This study demonstrated that soluble protein was related to heavy metal tolerance, although the di erent ions played di erent roles. While APase activity in exudates of fungi and seedlings decreased under Cu and Cd stress in comparison to the control, the APase activity in seedlings was maintained by inoculation. Thus, X. chrysenteron facilitated the ability of plant to maintain a normal nutrient uptake, and therefore to protect it from heavy metal toxicity.