西北地区砂岩石窟盐害特征及影响因素分析

西北地区砂岩石窟数量众多,由于岩性条件及赋存环境等原因遭受着严重的盐害。现场调查发现,盐害特征具有一定的区域性规律,采样后通过离子色谱法测试可溶盐的含量及成分,结合岩性、环境等因素分析盐害特征及成因。结果表明：陕北、陇东地区盐害发育严重,陇中、河西地区盐害相对较为轻微,仅在局部发育;石窟风化层含盐总量分布于0.11%—5.73%,各离子含量差异较大;含盐量影响盐害的宏观表现形态,含盐种类影响盐分的微观结晶形式,其中NaCl、CaSO₄结晶形式为片状盐壳,Na₂SO₄为酥粉状,KNO₃表现为絮状结晶;石窟岩体的孔隙率影响盐害发育程度,水分的迁移活动影响盐害的出露位置。研究结果可为砂岩石窟的盐害防治工作提供依据。     

Phylogenetic Comparative Methods Strengthen Evidence for Reduced Genetic Diversity among Endangered Tetrapods

Abstract: The fitness of species with little genetic diversity is expected to be affected by inbreeding and an inability to respond to environmental change. Conservation theory suggests that endangered species will generally demonstrate lower genetic diversity than taxa that are not threatened. This hypothesis has been challenged because the time frame of anthropogenic extinction may be too fast to expect genetic factors to significantly contribute. I conducted a meta‐analysis to examine how genetic diversity in 894 tetrapods correlates with extinction threat level. Because species are not evolutionarily independent, I used a phylogenetic regression framework to address this issue. Mean genetic diversity of tetrapods, as assessed by protein heterozygosity, was 29.7–31.5% lower on average in threatened species than in their nonthreatened relatives, a highly significant reduction. Within amphibians as diversity decreased extinction risk increased in phylogenetic models, but not in nonphylogenetic regressions. The effects of threatened status on diversity also remained significant after accounting for body size in mammals. These results support the hypothesis that genetic effects on population fitness are important in the extinction process.     

Studies on relationships between air pollutants and allergenicity of Humulus Scandens pollen collected from different areas of Shanghai

Pollen pollution and allergy are becoming prominent issues in China. However, few studies on pollinosis have been reported. As an allergen in the atmosphere, allergenic Humulus scandens pollen was collected from four districts of Shanghai, including Wusong (WS), Jiading (JD), Xujiahui (XJH) and Songjiang (SJ). The mass concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, O₃, PM_10, and PM_2.5 (particulate matter with air dynamic diameter less than 10 and 2.5 µm, respectively) near the four sampling sites were also recorded during Humulus scandens pollen season. The allergenicity of the Humulus scandens pollen was assessed by using of a rat model and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relationships between the allergenicity and air pollutants were correlated. Our results demonstrated that the biological viability of the pollens collected from the four districts exhibited no significant differences. ELISA and dot blotting results further demonstrated that the serum of sensitized rats exhibited much higher immune-reactive response than that of control groups. Western blotting showed that the 15 KD (1KD = 1000 dalton) proteins of Humulus pollen led to the allergic response. The allergenic intensity of Humulus pollen protein from different samples followed the pattern: WS > JD > XJ > SJ. There was a negative relationship between the allergenicity of Humulus pollens and PM₁₀ (R = -0.99) / PM_2.5 (R = -0.73), and a positive relationship with O₃ (R = 0.92). These data clearly showed that PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 could enhance Humulus pollen protein release, and O₃ could aggravate the allergenicity of the Humulus pollen.     

AF-MBR处理海水养殖废水性能及膜污染特性

为了考察缺氧滤池-膜生物反应器（AF-MBR）对海水养殖废水的处理效果,在膜生物反应器中投加聚氨酯悬浮性填料,并以独立运行的膜生物反应器作为对照.结果表明,组合反应系统的总氮去除率和总有机碳（TOC）去除率分别为92%和90%,高于对照膜生物反应器的86%和85%.并且,前置缺氧滤池和填料的投加也明显缓解了膜污染.通过对两个反应器提取的溶解性微生物产物（SMP）和细胞胞外聚合物（EPS）进行红外光谱和三维荧光光谱的测定,确定了蛋白质和多糖为主要的膜污染物质,并且膜污染物质的减少缓解了膜污染现象.     

Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 between heavily polluted days and other days in Zhengzhou, China

PM_(2.5) samples were collected in Zhengzhou during 3 years of observation, and chemical characteristics and source contribution were analyzed. Approximately 96% of the daily PM_(2.5) concentrations and annual average values exceeded the Chinese National Ambient Air Quality Daily and Annual Standards, indicating serious PM_(2.5) pollution. The average concentration of water-soluble inorganic ions was 2.4 times higher in heavily polluted days(daily PM32.5 concentrations 250 μg/mand visibility 3 km) than that in other days, with sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium as major ions. According to the ratio of NO-3/SO2-4,stationary sources are still the dominant source of PM_(2.5) and vehicle emission could not be ignored. The ratio of secondary organic carbon to organic carbon indicated that photochemical reactivity in heavily polluted days was more intense than in other days.Crustal elements were the most abundant elements, accounting for more than 60% of 23 elements. Chemical Mass Balance results indicated that the contributions of major sources(i.e., nitrate, sulfate, biomass, carbon and refractory material, coal combustion, soil dust,vehicle, and industry) of PM_(2.5) were 13%, 16%, 12%, 2%, 14%, 8%, 7%, and 8% in heavily polluted days and 20%, 18%, 9%, 2%, 27%, 14%, 15%, and 9% in other days, respectively.Extensive combustion activities were the main sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during the episode(Jan 1-9, 2015) and the total benzo[a]pyrene equivalency concentrations in heavily polluted days present significant health threat. Because of the effect of regional transport, the pollution level of PM_(2.5) in the study area was aggravated.     

Responses of Petunia hybrida and Phaseolus vulgaris to fumigation with difluoro-chloro-bromo-methane (Halon 1211)

Metabolic reactions of and exposed to a halon concentration of 10 ppb over a period of 26 and 45 days, respectively were investigated. The response of both plant species to the exposure was a slight increase of the protein contents and of major pigments. A large increase of up to 200% was observed in the activity of the detoxifying enzyme glutathione S-transferase in fumigated plants. These physiological changes, namely the increase of the glutathione S-transferase activity, are interpreted as detoxification reactions.     

壳聚糖对废水中蛋白质的吸附作用

在不同的蛋白质浓度、壳聚糖浓度、吸附时间、温度及pH值条件下,采用Bradford染色法测得吸附后蛋白质浓度,得到了壳聚糖对蛋白质的最佳吸附条件,其结果将为壳聚糖在工业废水处理中的应用提供一定的理论基础.     

高分子复混溶胀胶体材料防治半前进式工作面煤炭自燃技术的研究

高分子复混溶胀胶体材料具有固水性强、脱水缓慢、脱水后遇水可再生、与煤粘附性强、能形成焦化层、流动性和渗透性好及无毒、无味、无腐蚀、高温无烟等特性。长期以来 ,半前进式工作面防治煤炭自燃技术措施中 ,一直未采用高分子复混溶胀胶体材料。徐州矿务集团公司张集矿在自燃煤层的 74 2 3工作面半前进式开采中 ,采用了高分子复混溶胀胶体材料封堵沿空留巷漏风、喷洒覆盖采空区遗煤、封闭联络巷道等为主的综合防灭火技术与措施 ,取得了良好的效果 ,采空区漏风率降到 4 .35 % ,工作面开采期间杜绝了煤炭自燃隐患的出现 ,因此 ,高分子复混溶胀胶体材料防治半前进式工作面煤炭自燃技术是成功的     

La_xSr_(1-x)NiO_3对水溶液染料的光电催化活性研究

用甘氨酸 硝酸盐燃烧合成法 ,制备LaxSr1 -xNiO3复合氧化物的陶瓷粉末。并以此为光电催化剂对不同水溶液染料进行光催化降解和光电催化降解实验。利用红外、紫外 可见光谱、循环伏安曲线研究LaxSr1 -xNiO3的催化性能。结果表明 :LaxSr1 -xNiO3(x =0 .1 5、0 .6、0 .7、0 .75、1 )复合氧化物都具有较强光催化特性 ,La0 .7Sr0 .3NiO3也具有光电催化降解特性 ;LaxSr1 -xNiO3的光催化活性高于LaNiO3,这与A位离子 (La3+ 、Sr2 + )的电子构型有关 ;Sr2 + 的加入可使LaNiO3的光催化活性有所提高     

铜对缘管浒苔生理状态的影响

测定了不同条件下Ｃｕ对缘管浒苔可溶性蛋白质含量、膜脂质过氧化水平和藻细胞相对离子外渗率的影响。结果表明，一定浓度的铜离子对海藻具有毒害作用，相应地会引起其可溶性蛋白质含量降低，脂质过氧化水平升高和相对离子外渗率增大。实验结果还证实了ＥＤＴＡ对铜离子毒性的抑制作用和８－羟基喹啉对铜离子毒性的增强作用。