有机碳与温度对土壤吸附乙基叔丁基醚的影响

作为具有很大市场潜力的汽油添加剂乙基叔丁基醚(ETBE),国内对其在地下水土中的污染风险评价与迁移归宿研究甚少.通过静态吸附实验研究了ETBE在我国六种不同有机碳含量的标准土壤样品中的吸附特性.研究表明,在1～143 mg/L的实验浓度范围内ETBE在土壤样品中的吸附行为均呈良好的线性关系.ETBE在各土壤样品中吸附分...     

菲在渤海湾潮滩不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为

采用批量试验的方法,研究了菲(PHE)在渤海湾潮间带不同粒径沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了吸附等温式参数与有机质含最和性质之间的相关关系.结果表明:(1)不同粒径沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量(0.86～10.67 mg/g)表现为:粘粒＞砂粒＞粉砂粒;岐口不同粒径沉积物中碳黑(BC)含量(0.25～1.46mg/g)与T...     

土壤有机质和镉对金霉素吸附-解吸的影响

金霉素已经广泛应用于兽药生产和疾病治疗.由于动物废弃物的土地应用和其它输入来源,重金属与四环素类抗生素往往共存于土壤环境中.基于OECD 106号指导准则,采用批量平衡实验方法,研究了金霉素及其与镉复合后在褐土及去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸行为.结果表明,在单一和复合污染条件下,金霉素在褐土和去有机质褐土中的吸附和解吸等温线都可以用Freundlich模型进行良好地拟合.在金霉素单一污染和金霉素-镉复合污染条件下,去除有机质能够增加金霉素在褐土中的吸附容量(Kf)和吸附强度(1/n).金霉素在土壤上的解吸过程存在明显的滞后现象,在单一污染物情况下,金霉素在去有机质褐土的解吸滞后现象增强,其HI从0.81增加到1.06;而加镉后这种现象反而有所减弱,其HI从1.11减低到0.84.本研究为建立更加完善的模型以预测金霉素环境浓度或评价其环境风险,提供了可利用的数据和参数.     

SDBS对重油在胶州湾沉积物上吸附行为的影响

采用批量定时取样法和批量平衡振荡法研究了人工海水介质中阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）存在时,重油在胶州湾沉积物上的吸附行为.结果表明,重油在胶州湾沉积物上的吸附速率和吸附量均随SDBS初始浓度的增加而增大,吸附速率方程可以用伪二级动力学模型进行较好地描述,吸附等温线较好地符合Freundlich吸附模型,...     

Removal of arsenate and arsenite from aqueous solution by waste cast iron

The removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution was investigated using waste cast iron, which is a byproduct of the iron casting process in foundries. Two types of waste cast iron were used in the experiment: grind precipitate dust (GPD) and cast iron shot (CIS). The X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the presence of Fe0 on GPD and CIS. Batch experiments were performed under different concentrations of As(III) and As(V) and at various initial pH levels. Results showed that waste cast iron was effective in the removal of arsenic. The adsorption isotherm study indicated that the Langmuir isotherm was better than the Freundlich isotherm at describing the experimental result. In the adsorption of both As(III) and As(V), the adsorption capacity of GPD was greater than CIS, mainly due to the fact that GPD had higher surface area and weight percent of Fe than CIS. Results also indicated the removal of As(III) and As(V) by GPD and CIS was influenced by the initial solution pH, generally decreasing with increasing pH from 3.0 to 10.5. In addition, both GPD and CIS were more effective at the removal of As(III) than As(V) under given experimental conditions. This study demonstrates that waste cast iron has potential as a reactive material to treat wastewater and groundwater containing arsenic.     

Changes in the sorption, desorption, distribution, and availability of copper, induced by application of sewage sludge on Chilean soils contaminated by mine tailings

The effect of mine tailings and sewage sludge was evaluated on sorption, desorption, availability and distribution of copper in two soils, one high (sandy soil) and one low in copper (clay soil). In both soils contaminated by mine tailings the copper sorption capacity and the affinity of the substrate for the metal decreased substantially compared to the uncontaminated soils, however, the sorption remained always high in the clay soil substrates. In the substrates with sandy soil, the high Cu content and lower clay content were determining factors in the lower magnitude of the sorption. Similarly, metal desorption was closely related to these two parameters, and it was higher in clay soil with lower pH. In general, the application of sewage sludge favored the sorption of Cu in soils contaminated and uncontaminated with mine tailings, and in all cases desorption decreased, an effect that remained for at least 30 days. Simple extraction of Cu with CaCl2 and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gave contradictory results, so a careful choice of the procedure is required, depending on the level of metal in the soil and on the acting principle of the extracting agent. In that relation, more complete information on the changes in the metal forms was obtained by application of the sequential extraction procedure proposed by the European Community Bureau of Reference.     

氯酚类污染物在小麦幼苗中的竞争吸附研究

极性有机污染物植物吸收行为的研究目前已有较多报道。文章将以小麦幼苗干样为研究对象,以2种氯酚(2,4-二氯酚,DCP;2,4,6-三氯酚,TCP)为吸附质,以菲(PHE)为非极性参照化合物,探讨竞争吸附条件下,可解离有机污染物的植物吸收行为。采用序批平衡实验分别研究了小麦幼苗干样干样对DCP、TCP、PHE单独吸附,及DCP或PHE共存影响下TCP的竞争吸附行为。结果表明,小麦幼苗干样对TCP、DCP和PHE各单组分的吸附呈显著线性相关,分配系数与类脂含量有关;TCP的解离作用使得TCP的类脂标化后植物-水分配系数对数值(logKlip)要小于其辛醇-水分配系数对数值(logKow);DCP或PHE的共存提升了小麦幼苗干样对TCP的吸附能力。TCP的存在不影响小麦幼苗干样对菲的吸附,却能影响其对DCP的吸附。     

表面活性剂对苯并[a]芘在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响

通过静态吸附实验,研究了3种不同类型的表面活性剂(阳离子∶十六烷基三甲基溴化铵,CTAB;阴离子∶十二烷基苯磺酸钠,SDBS∶非离子,曲拉通100,TX100)对苯并[a]芘(BaP)在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响.结果表明,3种表面活性剂的存在均会增加BaP在黑炭表面吸附的非线性程度.CTAB的存在可以促进BaP在黑炭表面的吸附同时抑制了BaP的解吸,然而SDBS的存在降低了BaP在黑炭表面的吸附并增加了吸附过程的可逆性.与CTAB和SDBS不同,TX100对BaP在黑炭表面吸附解吸的影响取决于其添加浓度.低浓度的TX100(50 mg.L-1)能够促进BaP在黑炭上的吸附并抑制BaP的解吸,吸附能力参数Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1增大到264 179 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数HI从0.44降低到0.39.随着TX100浓度增加到150 mg.L-1和200 mg.L-1,TX100对BaP的吸附表现出抑制作用并能够促进BaP的解吸,Kd值(在ce=50μg.L-1下)从188 062 mL.g-1分别降低到182 751 mL.g-1和178 730 mL.g-1,解吸滞后指数从0.44分别升高到0.65和0.70.本研究为预测多环芳烃在表面活性剂污染的环境中的分布特征和最终归趋提供了理论依据.     

挥发性氯代烃在湿润土壤中的平衡吸附研究

吸附是挥发性氯代烃(volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons,VCHs)赋存于土壤的主要机制之一.开展动态吸附实验,研究了4种常见VCHs污染物在我国8种典型土壤中的吸附平衡关系.结果表明,土壤在干燥条件下对VCHs气体的吸附能力要远大于湿润条件,且随含水率的升高吸附能力急剧下降,在含水率达到10%以后土壤吸附量趋于稳定.湿润土壤对三氯乙烯(TCE)、四氯乙烯(PCE)、1,1,1-三氯乙烷(MC)气体的吸附等温线符合Henry型吸附等温式,而1,1,2-三氯乙烷(1,1,2-TCA)符合Freundlich模型.VCHs在湿润土壤中的吸附量总体上与土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon,SOC)含量呈正相关,且受SOC类型和化合物极性影响较大.弱极性的TCE、PCE在土壤中的吸附能力与SOC含量呈严格正相关,而极性的MC、1,1,2-TCA在黑土等高碳土壤中不仅与SOC含量有关,还受到SOC物质组成的影响.建立了TCE和PCE在湿润土壤中的平衡吸附量预测模型,预测值与实测值相关性良好(n=80,R2=0.98).     

利用非活体生物质去除废水中重金属的研究

为了解非活体牛物质去除废水中重金属的效果，选择了玉米芯、水稻谷壳、花生壳、松树树皮和茶叶等5种非活体生物质，州室内模拟方法比较研究了它们对重金属的吸附能力。结果表明，生物质对重金属的吸附是一个快速反应，可在20-30min内达到平衡。pH值对牛物质吸附阳离子型重金属有很大的影响，吸附量随pH值上升而增加，pH值在4．5以上时可达到较高水平。5种生物质对重金属都有较高吸附能力，它们吸附重金属的能力依次为：花生壳〉松树树皮〉玉米芯〉水稻谷壳〉茶叶。生物质去除废水中重金属的效果一般为：Cu、Pb〉Cd〉Zn。用碱、柠檬酸和磷酸对生物质进行改性处理可显著增强其对重金属的去除能力。生物质是一种廉价、有效的吸附剂，可替代商品吸附剂用于废水中重金属的去除，主要重金属的移除率在85％以上。