黄山顶夏季气溶胶数浓度特征及其输送潜在源区

利用轨迹聚类方法对2011年6~8月黄山光明顶的气团轨迹进行聚类分组,得到2011年夏季到达黄山顶的主要气团输送轨迹,结合黄山顶的气溶胶数浓度观测资料,分析不同类型输送轨迹与黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的关系.利用潜在源贡献因子分析法PSCF(potential source contribution function analysis)定性分析了不同气团背景下黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区,最后结合浓度权重轨迹分析法CWT(concentration weighted field)定量分析不同潜在源区对黄山顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的贡献.结果表明,积聚模态颗粒物(0.5~1μm)数浓度约占0.5~20μm颗粒物数浓度的94.9%;黄山顶6~8月大陆气团的发生频率最高,约43.4%;影响黄山光明顶积聚模态颗粒物数浓度的潜在源区主要来自一些工业发达人口密集的城市群:湖北东部、安徽中部、河南、江西境内、两广交界处、湖南南部以及浙江北部地区.而垂直方向上,来自西北和西南方向高度约2~5km的自由对流层气团对黄山顶积聚模态粒子数浓度贡献较大.     

2000~2011年深圳湾及邻近水域颗粒有机物的来源和时空分布

依据2000~2011年每月一次的调查资料,简要描述和讨论了深圳湾及邻近水域中颗粒有机物(POM)质量浓度的时空分布,并结合盐度和叶绿素a (Chl a)实测数据探讨POM的来源和滞留时间.结果表明深圳湾的POM质量浓度和陆源质量分数分别约为4.2mg/L,79%,而伶仃洋东部沿岸的分别约为1.9mg/L,42%.深圳湾和伶仃洋东部沿岸中现存浮游植物颗粒有机物(PPOM):Chl a比率分别约为92,54g/g,由此估算的PPOM质量浓度分别为0.8,0.2mg/L左右.依据浮游植物生产力和累计海源POM估算的POM滞留时间在深圳湾中为1~5d,而在伶仃洋东部沿岸中约为10d.研究期间伶仃洋东部沿岸POM质量浓度的年际变化略呈上升趋势,从1.7mg/L上升至2.0mg/L;深圳湾POM质量浓度在2000~2005年呈上升趋势,从3.0mg/L上升至5.5mg/L,在2006~2011年则呈下降趋势,从5.4mg/L下降至3.0mg/L.     

珠江三角洲机动车排放控制措施协同效应分析

预测了2015年珠江三角洲机动车空气污染物和温室气体排放量,设计了6类单一控制、技术控制、结构控制以及综合控制措施的情景,并运用基准线年排放清单编制和协同效应坐标系法分析了污染物与温室气体减排的协同效应.结果表明,按目前机动车保有量增长趋势,2015年污染物和温室气体将以18%~120%的幅度增加;各控制措施下污染物和温室气体排放量均有下降,且均具有正向的协同效应,但减排的贡献差异较大.6类单一控制措施中淘汰黄标车和结构性控制措施分别对各污染物和温室气体的削减效果最明显,减排幅度均在40%以上,且正向协同效应突出,但相比其他措施,结构性控制措施实施难度大.     

日本琵琶湖污染源系统控制及其对我国湖泊治理的启示

琵琶湖富营养化全面有效的控制得益于对流域污染源的系统控制. 琵琶湖流域污染源系统控制包括通过立法与监管严格控制工厂与企业的污水排放、城镇污水管网与大型污水处理设施的高度覆盖、农业集落污水处理设施的全覆盖三部分,流域污水处理系统的全覆盖及高度处理技术的普及是其最为成功的经验之一. 琵琶湖流域城镇下水道普及率达86.4%,主要污染物——TN、TP及COD_Mn的去除率分别高达90.0%、98.7%及94.6%. 琵琶湖流域同时实施了净化槽普及、设置农业集落排水处理设施、初期雨水净化处理及农田循环灌溉等具有地方特色的面源治理对策. 通过综合治理,琵琶湖主要入湖污染负荷明显减少,与1985年相比,2012年COD_Mn点源污染负荷减少了76.8%,TN减少了45.5%,TP减少了65.6%. 与之比较,我国的湖泊治理存在的问题主要包括有针对性的地方排放标准的缺失及执法力度的不足、城镇污水深度处理及运营管理技术上的差距、面源污染对策的严重不足.      

Villains,victims, and heroes: Accounting for the roles human activity plays in LOPA scenarios

When a team is analyzing a LOPA scenario, the team needs to consider all three roles played by human interaction in the scenario: that of cause, as a result of human error; that of receptor, both in terms of safety impacts (inside the fence line) and community impacts (outside the fence line); and that of independent layer of protection (IPL), considering both administrative controls and human responses. Frequently, the nature of these three roles are inter-related, and setting guidance that is internally consistent is important to using LOPA to assess risk rather than as a means to game the analyses to simply achieve a wished-for result.A number of criteria have been proposed to quantify human involvement, typically as cause, as receptor, or as IPL. Establishing a framework to look at all three in a unified way is more likely to result in analyses that are consistent from scenario to scenario.This paper describes such a framework and presents it in a way that allows organizations to review their own criteria for quantifying human involvement in LOPA. It also examines some of the published LOPA criteria for human involvement and looks at them in terms of consistency of approach between evaluation of cause, receptor, and IPL. Finally the paper makes suggestions to use in calibrating LOPA methodologies to achieve consistent and believable results in terms of human interaction within and between scenarios that have worked for other organizations.     

A/O脱氮工艺实时控制对策的试验研究

以人工合成废水为研究对象,系统研究了提高A/O(anoxic/oxic)工艺氨氮和硝酸氮去除效率的实时控制对策.氨氮控制的本质是通过控制DO设定值和好氧区体积大小使出水氨氮浓度达标排放.硝酸氮控制的本质在于高效利用缺氧区反硝化潜力,为此建立了以调节内循环回流量或(和)外碳源投加量维持缺氧区末端硝酸氮浓度处于设定值的实时控制对策.系统控制采用两级结构,高水平监控层用来选择低水平执行层的设定值,而低水平执行层对DO值、好氧区体积、内循环回流量和外碳源投加量进行直接控制,试验表明上述控制对策可以显著提高系统脱氮效率,降低出水氨氮和硝酸氮浓度,并最大程度节约运行费用.     

机房安全监控系统软件浅析

计算机机房的安全监控软件可分为本地监控软件和远程监控软件两大类,分别就目前这两类软件的特点及其发展趋势做了比较和分析,为用户选择安全监控软件提供了参考和建议。     

井控作业HAZOP分析技术

对HAZOP分析在井控作业中的应用进行了研究.HAZOP分析时,从井控操作和有关参数产生的偏差来识别危险,预测可能产生的后果,提出改进措施,从而提高石油井控操作的安全水平.     

多烟囱排放大气环境影响评价工作等级探讨

在环境影响评价工作中,确定大气环境影响评价工作等级是一项很重要的工作。比较了2个大气环境影响评价工程案例,分析了其大气评价工作等级高低及环境影响程度轻重。结果发现,多源项目与单源项目在估算模式上存在差异,对于部分多烟囱项目,按照现行大气评价工作等级划分方法可能有偏差,应进行修正。     

Toxic substances: Measures and measurements†

The formulation of a sound policy for environmental protection and toxic substances control requires knowledge of the presence and concentration of environmental contaminants. For this reason monitoring programs have been set up in the Netherlands for water, drinking water, and air pollution. The Netherlands system for air pollution, monitoring of the substances SO2, NOχ, CO, O₃ is now fully automated. Some examples will be given to show the acquisition and management and interpretation of air pollution measurements.

Various smaller projects, supported by the Department of Health and Environmental Protection include measurement of indoor air‐contaminants, contaminants in soil and hazardous waste sites, and contaminants in biotic samples such as for instance PCB's in eels and seals and mussels. Moreover a Coordinating Committee regularly collects measurements from various sources in the Netherlands regarding pesticide residues and contaminants in food.

For cost‐effective monitoring the accuracy of the measurements must be chosen with regard to the biological effect concentration of the pollutant. The necessity of proper control measurements to establish background levels and the necessity of ring‐tests to increase interlaboratory reproducibility is discussed. In cost‐effective monitoring the minimum number of measurements, which are necessary to check the effect of environmental protection measures, must be defined through proper sampling.