非木质林产品生产的投入要素及影响因素实证分析

在南方集体林区,非木质林产品资源成为农户增收的主要来源之一,但在农户非木质林产品经营中需要考虑投入要素的有效性以及生产资源如何合理配置问题。论文以临安市山核桃产业和仙居县杨梅产业为例,分别选取两个县(市)共167户林农2009年横截面数据为样本,在农户微观层面运用C-D生产函数,实证分析了投入要素及影响因素在非木质林产品生产中的作用。结果表明,农药化肥投入、地域因素都对两个地区非木质林产品生产有显著影响,而劳动力投入和林业劳动力人均种植面积因素则只对山核桃生产有显著影响。笔者认为需要通过积极推广农户从事非木质林产品的经营,重视农药化肥生产资料投入以及促使劳动力季节性回流等措施促进非木质林产品经营。     

基于环境背景值的重金属污染地块划定——以浙东沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤为例

通过对浙江东部沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤的调查与分析,评价了其土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明,与土壤环境背景值相比,研究区土壤污染较为严重,Cd、Cu中等程度以上污染土壤均在50%以上。在此基础上,重点对重金属污染土壤的划定进行了探讨,提出了适合土地质量差别化管护的污染土壤表达方法。     

基于多源遥感信息的人为热排放量空间化——以浙江省为例

基于自上而下能源清单法,主要考虑工业、交通、建筑和人体新陈代谢这4个热源对人为热的贡献,估算了2010年浙江省68个县市的人为热排放总量.使用DMSP/OLS遥感夜间灯光数据以及阈值法提取出人为热排放的主要区域,并有效减少夜灯像元溢出效应的影响.利用夜间灯光数据和增强型植被指数(EVI)构建人居指数,基于各市县人为热排放总量与其行政区范围内人居指数累计值之间很强的相关关系建立人为热排放量空间化模型,获得了250m分辨率下浙江省2010年城市人为热通量的空间分布.结果显示浙江省各县市的平均人为热排放通量为5.5W/m²,城市高值区一般介于10~40W/m².栅格化的人为热数据可以为城市气候环境的数值模拟研究提供基础数据支持.     

The significance of PCBs in the atmosphere of the southern hemisphere

Air monitoring stations were set up at 2 sites in the southern hemisphere--Moody Brook, Falkland Island (51 degrees 25' S, 57 degrees 56' W) and Halley, Research Station, Antarctica (75 degrees 35' S, 26 degrees 30' W). PCBs were monitored at the stations throughout 1999. Highest concentrations were observed when temperatures were greater. In general, concentrations were greater at Moody Brook than at Halley, although the difference in concentrations between sites was less for more chlorinated congeners. Air concentrations at both sites were compared with samples collected nearby over-water. Over water air concentrations were found to be greater than over land air concentrations. Concentrations were also compared with literature data for air concentrations at a remote site in the Canadian Arctic. Atmospheric concentrations of tri-chlorinated biphenyls were found to be approximately double those reported for Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic, whilst concentrations in samples from Antarctica were very similar to those found in the high Arctic. Most other PCBs were a factor of 2-4 greater in the Canadian Arctic.     

浙江省旅游景区环境解说服务现状及对策

在实地调查的基础上,对浙江省旅游景区环境解说服务现状进行了分析,并提出了提高旅游景区环境解说服务水平的对策措施.     

MULTISCALE INFLUENCES ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL STREAM CONDITIONS ACROSS BLUE RIDGE LANDSCAPES1

ABSTRACT: Streams integrate biogeochemical processes operating at broad to local spatial scales and long term to short term time scales. Humans have extensively altered those processes in North America, with serious consequences for aquatic ecosystems. We collected data on Upper Tennessee River tributaries in North Carolina to: (1) compare landuse and landscape geomorphology with respect to their ability to explain variation in water quality, sedimentation measures, and large woody debris; (2) determine if landscape change over time contributed significantly to explaining present stream conditions; and (3) assess the importance of spatial scale in examining landuse influences on streams. Stream variables were related to both landuse and landscape geomorphology. Forest cover accounted for the most variation in nearly all models, supporting predictions of nutrient enrichment, thermal pollution, and sedimentation caused by landscape disturbance. Legacy effects from past catchment disturbance were apparent in sedimentation measures. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, as well as stream temperature, were lower where riparian buffers had reforested. Models of stream physicochemistry fit better when predictors were catchment wide rather than more localized (i.e., within 2 km of a site). Cumulative impacts to streams due to changes in landuse must be managed from a watershed perspective with quantitative models that integrate across scales.     

Biodiversity: gaps in knowledge

The Convention on Biological Diversity set conservation of biodiversity on the world agenda. Gaps in knowledge need to be addressed for actions to be effective and sustainable. Gaps include: species diversity, micro-organisms and their ecological roles, ecological and geographical status of species, human capacity to assess and forecast bio-ecological degradation. Requirements for global inventories call for worldwide collaboration. Criteria for setting priorities need to be formulated and agreed.Biodiversity in an eco-geographical region, the southern Mediterranean, is discussed as a case study. Outlines of national actions to contribute to world endeavor are outlined.     

WATER EXCHANGES: TOOLS TO BEAT EL NIÑO CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Using a case study of the Yakima River Valley in Washington State, this paper shows that relatively simple tools can be used to forecast the impact of the El Niño phenomenon on water supplies to irrigated agriculture, that this information could be used to estimate the significantly shifted probability distribution of water shortages in irrigated agriculture during El Niño episodes, and that these shifted probabilities can be used to estimate the value of exchanges of water between crops to relieve some of the adverse consequences of such shortages under western water law. Further, recently devised water‐trading tools, while not completely free under western water law to respond to forecasted El Niño episodes (ocean circulation patterns), are currently being employed during declared drought to reduce the devastating effects of water shortages in junior water districts on high valued perennial crops. Additional institutional flexibility is needed to take full advantage of climate forecasting, but even current tools clearly could prove useful in controlling the effects of climate variability in irrigated agriculture. Analysis shows the significant benefit of temporarily transferring or renting water rights from low‐value to high‐value crops, based on El Niño forecasts.     

浙江省旅游资源的分区与开发途径

根据地貌类型和旅游资源分布的区域，本文将浙江省的旅游资源分为３个大区，介绍了各区的主要自然风景旅游资源和人文景观旅游资源，提出了发展浙江省旅游业的几点建议和措施。     

浙江省资源再生产业的现状、问题及对策

浙江省的再生资源回收利用企业发展迅速，在造纸、建材和有色金属等领域已经涌现出一批典型企业。作者通过对浙江省资源再生利用较为成功的典型企业进行问卷调查和实地考察，剖析了浙江省资源再生产业的现状、存在的问题，并提出了相关的对策建议。