Policy,Institutional and Market Barriers to the Implementation of Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) in China

China is the second largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the world, with potentially about two thirds of total Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) for Asia on the world carbon market (). Since 68% of its primary energy is from coal, China's average energy intensity is 7.5 times higher than the EU and 4.3 times higher than the US (EU, 2003 The European Union on-line. (2003). (http://europa.eu.int/index_ns_en.htm accessed Oct 2003  [Google Scholar]). Therefore, introducing advanced clean technologies and management to China represents opportunities for Annex I countries to obtain low-cost CERs through CDM projects, and access to one of the largest potential energy conservation markets in the world.

CDM can provide a win-win solution for both China and Annex I countries, and the Chinese government considers that the introduction of CDM projects can bring advanced energy technologies and foreign investment to China, thereby helping China's sustainable economy and generating CERs. As energy efficiency is generally low and carbon intensity is high in both China's energy supply and demand sectors, numerous options exist for cost-effective energy conservation and GHG mitigation with CDM.

This paper reviews current Chinese policies and administrative and institutional settings for CDM cooperation, and discusses existing policy, institutional and other barriers in the energy market by drawing on observations and experience from previous initiatives such as Cleaner Production and energy efficiency. Some options to remove these barriers are addressed. In order to make CDM projects feasible, China's government needs to promote awareness, streamline administrative systems, and be more active in building a competitive edge in the world carbon market.     

Biogeochemistry of Chinese estuarine and coastal waters: nutrients, trace metals and biomarkers

The dissolved and particulate trace metals in large and middle-sized Chinese rivers remain comparable with other less-disturbed world systems. Levels of nutrients in Chinese rivers are high due to erosion over the drainage area and the application of chemical fertilizers, which induces an N/P ratio up to 100–1,000. The concentrations of organic pollutants in Chinese rivers are ranked at the lower end of those of world systems; however, pollution has been identified in coastal waters from north to south of the country. In estuarine and coastal waters, dissolved trace metals illustrate a feature of remobilization, while non-conservative distribution is observed, with exceptions for iron and aluminum. Particulate trace metals demonstrate a fairly stable distribution along the salinity gradient, when the absolute concentration is normalized to reference materials. In high-turbidity estuaries, seaward nutrient flux can be increased by a factor of 5–10. Finally, the N/P ratio approaches 10–20 at the interior of the East China Sea, indicating that in coastal regions photosynthesis changes from P to N and Si limitations. Electronic Publication     

DROUGH TREND IN NORTH CHINA IN RECENT FIFTY YEARS

Inrecentseveralyears ,abnormaldroughtoccursinthepartnorthernofChina .Itex ertssomeinfluenceonChina’snationaleconomyandhasarousedwideattentionfromallwalksoflife .Muchresearchindrought wetindexhasbeendonebothathomeandabroad .Theresultcanbeclassifiedintotwocategories:first,droughtindexdirectlyisdefinedbyprecipitationorothermeteorologicalfactors;second ,droughtindexisidentifiedbycalculatinggainingandlos ingoflocalwaterinaccordancewithequationofwaterbalance ,andsomealsoconsidertheim pactofdrought…     

循环经济理论及其在中国实践研究

循环经济理论在国际上尚处于探索与发展过程的过程中，本文运用系统科学和实证研究的方法，对我国循环经济理论与实践问题进行了初步分析。     

推进城市化进程,跨越水资源门槛,实现大开发战略

人类社会的城市化进程始终是与对水资源的开发利用同步的 ,水资源短缺将是制约城市发展的一道门槛。然而 ,在我国西部地区存在着严重的水资源短缺和难以利用的情况 ,无序的城市化又进一步恶化了本已极为严峻的水资源短缺。但城市化始终是实现西部开发的必然选择。因此 ,在实现西部大开发战略 ,推进城市化进程的过程中 ,必须通过严格控制中心城市规模 ,以控制对水资源的局部过度需求 ;通过进一步优化城镇体系布局 ,在推进城市化进程的同时 ,实现区域范围内水资源的供需平衡 ;通过对现有的城市产业结构加以调整 ,以提高水资源的利用效率。只有依靠这种适宜的城市化战略 ,才能在城市化进程中跨越水资源门槛 ,最终实现西部地区的可持续发展     

论我国农业可持续发展的环境与出路

从现在起到21世纪,农业担负着支撑国民经济快速发展的历史使命,完成一使命的唯一途径是确保农业的持续发展。作者在深入分析现阶段我国农业所面临的许多不利环境因素的基础上,提出了培育农业持续发展条件,优化农业持续发展环境的可行对策。     

现代遥感技术在我国西部开发中的应用前景

西部开发是我国当前的热点所在。开发西部，不仅要借助国家政策的优惠和外来投资的倾斜，更重要的是要充分利用自身丰富的资源走自我发展的道路。因此，引入新的技术辅助西部开发，促使西部开发走上生态循环的道路，才是我们真正的目的。文章介绍了遥感作为新兴的信息技术手段在西部开发中的应用前景，以期能对地方决策部门提供参考。     

中国西部城市复合生态系统特点与生态调控对策研究

城市是一类以人类活动为中心的社会—经济—自然复合生态系统。西部城市是西部大开发的重要铱托。本文首先介绍了中国城市与西部城市的发展概况，在与中、东部和全国城市比较的基础上分析了西部城市的城市化特点以及社会、经济和自然生态特点，并运用生态学原理和复合生态系统理论，提出了西部城市发展的生态调控对策。     

中国1990~2004年生态足迹动态变化效应的分解分析

通过构建生态足迹分解模型,论文将中国1990~2004年生态足迹的动态变化分解为经济规模、产业结构和足迹强度这3种因素的变化效应,并对各分解效应进行了测度与分析。结果表明:生态足迹年度间变化均值为1.065 5×10⁸hm²。其中,由经济规模、产业结构和足迹强度所引起的足迹变化分别为2.108 2×10⁸hm²,-0.439 8×10⁸hm²和-0.602 9×10⁸hm²。总的看,经济规模的变化助长了总足迹的增长,而足迹强度和产业结构的变化对总足迹的扩张起到了一定的遏制作用。生态足迹变化是由各因素共同作用的结果,而在不同时期各因素对足迹变化所发挥的效应不同。该研究结果对于理解我国生态足迹变化与经济发展之间的关系,以及产业发展政策调整及可持续发展研究具有一定参考价值。     

中韩海洋环境管理的要素特征及比对分析

通过对中国和韩国的海洋环境行政管理的特征、海洋环境管理法律的特征以及海洋环境政策的特征的分析和比对,认为较之韩国的海洋综合管理而言中国的海洋环境管理过于分散,而与中国的海洋环境管理政策的协调性相比韩国的海洋环境政策过于独立.尽管中韩海洋环境管理都存在着一定的缺陷,但两国都意识到世界发展趋势和新的秩序变革,并为建立先进的海洋环境管理体制积极地进行相关调整和改革.